Outline operant conditioning and the work of Thorndike and Skinner. This form of learning is called:
a. shaping. In terms of psychological perspectives, Freuds psychodynamic theory; the learning-related research of Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and Rotter; the cognitive model; and the humanistic and existential perspectives were discussed. In 1935, Bertha was diagnosed with a tumor, and in 1936, she was summoned by the Gestapo to explain anti-Hitler statements she had allegedly made. 133. b. a severe mental illness and who is not a candidate for brain stimulation therapy. Neurotransmitters will only bind to their specific receptor sites, much like a key will only fit into the lock it was designed for. On later trials, the rat was presented (NS) and followed closely by a loud sound (UCS; Panel B). The axon sends signals/information to neighboring neurons while the dendrites, which resemble little trees, receive information from neighboring neurons. If it receives sufficient stimulation, causing the polarity inside the neuron to rise from -70 mV to -55mV (. ChaeWoo has been participating in weekly therapy for several years. This is a physical aspect of what disease? Those in the field of abnormal psychology study people's emotional, cognitive, and/or behavioral problems.Abnormal behavior may be defined as behavior that is disturbing (socially unacceptable), distressing, maladaptive (or selfdefeating), and often the result of distorted thoughts (cognitions).. Several perspectives (models, approaches derived from data) and theories attempt to explain the . Racial, ethnic, and cultural factors are also relevant to understanding the development and course of mental illness. Fourth, it is difficult to empirically study psychodynamic principles since most operate unconsciously. Which is NOT a goal of group therapy? Clarify how specific areas of the brain are involved in mental illness. The rabbit was far enough away so as not to cause distress. 2.3.3.1. Show: All Cards 109 1 The earliest major psychological model of abnormal behavior was the cognitive model 2 Attempts to understand the biological basis of depression has linked it to imbalances in -norepinephrine and serotonin 3 Fannie goes to a humanist therapist. 160. b. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them. d. The effectiveness of biological treatments cannot be objectively evaluated. A boy believes that he is deserving of love only when he earns good grades. What is learning and what forms does it take? d. encourages individuals to share information with the group. Communication in the Nervous System. Hence, we advocate for a multi-dimensional and not a uni-dimensional model. Which of the following is NOT influenced by the paradigm to which an investigator subscribes? d. projection. According to Freuds psychodynamic theory, ineffective interaction of the id, ego, and superego can result in a person becoming stuck at a developmental level. A psychologist from which background would agree MOST strongly with this statement? Humans are born with freedom, yet do not naturally strive to reach their full growth potential. Conditioning. Which statement is TRUE regarding the models of abnormality? For example, to be diagnosed with separation anxiety disorder, you must present with three of eight symptoms for criteria A whereas for a major depressive episode as part of Bipolar II disorder, you have to display five (or more) symptoms for criteria A. They then realize their worth as a person but also that they are not perfect. c. deep brain stimulation. Children who watched the aggressive model behaved aggressively with the Bobo doll while those who saw the gentle model, played nice. One option to treat severe mental illness is psychotropic medications. Marie comes from a supportive, loving family and has a stable socioeconomic background. Since your Italian professor did not provide a study guide, you didnt study for the midterm. If you believe focusing on a problem generates a solution, then write down each time you ruminate and the result. For instance, evidence suggests that contracting strep throat, an infection in the throat and tonsils caused by bacteria called group A Streptococcus (for more on strep throat, please visit https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html), can lead to the development of OCD, Tourettes syndrome, and tic disorder in children (Mell, Davis, & Owens, 2005; Giedd et al., 2000; Allen et al., 1995; https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness). d. disturbing and inaccurate assumptions and attitudes. 2.4: The Sociocultural Model - Social Sci LibreTexts According to Freud, consciousness had three levels (consciousness, preconscious, and the unconscious), personality had three parts (the id, ego, and superego), personality developed over five stages (oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital), there are ten defense mechanisms to protect the ego such as repression and sublimation, and finally three assessment techniques (free association, transference, and dream analysis) could be used to understand the personalities of his patients and expose repressed material. Add them up and see if making some minor, or major, adjustments to your schedule will free an hour to get in some valuable exercise. a. tertiary
b. mutual-help
c. cognitive-behavioral
d. integrative behavioral. B) chemical imbalances and brain damage. She is very open about herself and shares her thoughts and opinions freely. 121. The sociocultural model of abnormality focuses on all of these factors EXCEPT: Greshka spilled iced coffee on her shirt while sitting in the park. a. Finally, psychoanalytic treatment is expensive and time consuming, and since Freuds time, drug therapies have become more popular and successful. In her dream, she panics and looks for her dog everywhere. A girl values her self-worth even when she fails at something. d. Not enough therapists practice existential therapy to make it worth researching. This begs the question of how we can really know that they exist. Cats were food deprived the night before the experimental procedure was to occur. Which statement about couple therapy is MOST accurate? 2.2.3.3. If a therapist advised you to pay attention to how you were communicating with family members and to change harmful patterns, the therapist would MOST likely be practicing:
a. couple therapy. d. psychophysical. 20. d. humanistic. Would you want notes from the student in the front or back of the class? Simply, she placed the child in one end of a room and then brought in the rabbit. 165. However, critics cite obvious ethical issues with conducting such surgeries as well as scientific issues. c. superego. 2.3.4.3. They would salivate at the sound of a bell, footsteps in the hall, a tuning fork, or the presence of a lab assistant. The cat could escape the box and reach the food by manipulating a series of levers. Why is this important to a discussion of psychopathology? SAD occurs with greater frequency for those living far north or south from the equator (Melrose, 2015). c. sociocultural. First, the response is made, and nothing happens. The three parts of personality generally work together well and compromise, leading to a healthy personality, but if the conflict is not resolved, intrapsychic conflicts can arise and lead to mental disorders. What is this therapy? Figure 2.8. The diathesis-stress model of abnormality emphasizes that: abnormality arises from an interaction between stress and predisposition. What, according to Freud, fuels the id? c. enmeshed. 41. a. She had another shirt with her and wanted to change right then and there. Which would be a part of your paradigm? Someone who studies the _____ model of abnormality focuses on how values and choices affect behavior. The last part of the personality to develop is the superego, which represents societys expectations, moral standards, rules, and represents our conscience. d. hormone therapy. If my father seems genuinely happy and pleased with himself after bagging groceries his way, then I will be more likely to adopt this behavior. Module Overview. c. There is limited research supporting biological causes of mental illness. How so? d. humanistic. d. They are unconscious and, therefore, not a factor in conscious experience. It is difficult to research this perspective. It is most likely that his psychotherapist is a ____ therapist. The neuron next moves into a relative refractory period, meaning it can fire but needs higher than normal levels of stimulation. The force that is in control in this example is the: The brain stimulation technique that uses an electromagnetic coil placed on or above a person's head to send electrical current into certain areas of the brain is called: The objective of the Human Genome Project was to: Abnormal chemical activity in the body's endocrine system relates to the release of: During a meeting, Shonda's manager asks her to free associate about her coworker's performance. Still, we must remember that the model is a starting point for the researcher, and due to this, it determines what causes might be investigated at the exclusion of other causes. Humans are born with freedom, yet do not 'naturally' strive to reach their full growth potential. b. sociocultural
This was a positive punisher that did not have to be learned, and definitely not one of my finer moments in life. A behavioral psychologist would say that the temper tantrums result from: Which form of therapy helps clients recognize errors in logic and try out new interpretations of events? Medical Model of Mental Health in Psychology d. damage control. Elevated levels of this hormone can lead to several problems, including increased weight gain, interference with learning and memory, reduced bone density, high cholesterol, and an increased risk of depression. How does the cognitive model approach psychopathology? By seeing the model interact nicely with the fear evoking stimulus, their fear should subside. b. exposure therapy. 149. 2.3.1.2. The paradigms are sometimes in conflict. Life involves a degree of uncertainty, and at times we must accept this. b. encourage clients to use spiritual resources that aid with coping. Her therapy is MOST likely:
a. gestalt therapy. c. mitigate unacceptable impulses. Which abnormality model best lends itself to laboratory testing in terms of evaluating its efficacy? This therapy is BEST described as: Your romantic partner of four years ends the relationship suddenly and cuts off all contact. Imagine that you subscribe to the sociocultural model of abnormality. In the case of when, it will be either fixed or at a set rate, or variable and at a rate that changes. They are open to experience, live every moment to the fullest, are creative, accepts responsibility for their decisions, do not derive their sense of self from others, strive to maximize their potential, and are self-actualized. d. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. 2.2.2.2. Influenza epidemics, caused by viral infections (for more on influenza, please see the following: https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719), have also been linked to schizophrenia (Brown et al., 2004; McGrath and Castle, 1995; McGrath et al., 1994; Ocallaghan et al., 1991) though more recent research suggests this evidence is weak at best (Selten & Termorshuizen, 2017; Ebert & Kotler, 2005). What about your friend or acquaintance in the back? PDF CHAPTER 71 Diagnosis and Classification Issues: DSM-5 and More A man has cheated on his partner and he feels very guilty, but soon he begins to make excuses, saying that his partner has nagged him for years. The nervous system consists of two main parts the central and peripheral nervous systems. Messages moving from neuron to neuron must cross tiny spaces called: Which model of abnormality focuses on learning and the thinking that underlies behavior? Abnormality results from the interaction of genetic, emotional, and cultural influences. became involved in the German Feminist movement, and in 1904 founded the League of Jewish Women. How so? Evidence of the effectiveness of psychodynamic therapy comes from:
a. natural observation. d. classical conditioning. Defense mechanisms include the following: For more on defense mechanisms, please visit: https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/fulfillment-any-age/201110/the-essential-guide-defense-mechanisms. d. quaternary prevention. This single factor explanation is called a uni-dimensional model. PSY 381 Chapter 2 Flashcards | Quizlet 1. d. researching the effectiveness of the therapy. The therapist focuses only on issues specifically related to this problem. Does extinction happen as soon as the anticipated reinforcer is removed? 2.3.2.1. c. It is full of abnormal evolutionary principles. Integrative behavioral couple therapy helps partners:
a. accept behaviors that they cannot change. d. past traumatic experiences. It is generally understood that the students who sit in the front of the class are the overachievers and want to earn an A in the class. The ego has a challenging job to fulfill, balancing both the will of the id and the superego, and the overwhelming anxiety and panic this creates. 75. a. 58. What we would call conscience is MOST like what Freud would call the:
a. defense mechanism. Amelia has been told that her course of therapy is likely to take a year or more because it involves the reshaping of her personality and that takes many sessions. b. hypotheses. Criticisms. d. object relations theory. But women may experience these illnesses differently certain symptoms may be more common in women than in men, and the course of the illness can be affected by the sex of the individual. Similarly, the overproduction of the hormone melatonin can lead to SAD. Of course, removing cognition from the study of psychology ignored an important part of what makes us human and separates us from the rest of the animal kingdom. Horowitz (2008) found that rates of SAD are just 1% for those living in Florida while 9% of Alaskans are diagnosed with the disorder. b. classic Freudian psychotherapy. He developed the law of effect thanks to his work with a puzzle box. In explaining why women are diagnosed with anxiety disorders and depression twice as often as men, multicultural therapists would focus on:
a. the biological differences between men and women. 21. According to Bandura, all behaviors are learned by observing others, and we model our actions after theirs, so undesirable behaviors can be altered or relearned in the same way. 78. They can be identified, treated, and monitored by observing and identifying physiological signs. d. classical conditioning. The BEST explanation for this trend is that these theories:
as part of their daily life and this can lead to disordered behavior (Lo & Cheng, 2014; Jones, Cross, & DeFour, 2007; Satcher, 2001), though some research suggests that ethnic identity can buffer against these stressors and protect mental health (Mossakowski, 2003). 2.3.1.5. The disadvantages should outweigh the advantages and help you to end the struggle and accept what is unknown. 158. a. modeling. d. synapses. b. exposure therapy. Really, the sky is the limit with reinforcers in particular. a. cognitive-behavioral
b. sociocultural
c. psychodynamic
d. humanistic-existential, 10. a. id
b. superego
c. self
d. ego, 38. Learning has two main forms associative learning and observational learning. Your first semester of college, you have several midterms you need to study for. This therapist is MOST likely a(n) _____ therapist. Reinforcement and punishment can occur as two types positive and negative. Over time, the temper tantrums become more and more common. So the dog now reliably salivates at the sound of the bell because he expects that food will follow, and it does. Anti-anxiety medications such as benzodiazepines are effective in relieving anxiety and take effect more quickly than the antidepressant medications (or buspirone) often prescribed for anxiety. Hmm. Uni- vs. Multi-Dimensional Models of Abnormality, https://www.health.harvard.edu/mind-and-mood/what-causes-depression, https://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/primer/basics/gene, https://www.webmd.com/mental-health/mental-health-causes-mental-illness#1, https://www.cdc.gov/groupastrep/diseases-public/strep-throat.html, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-perfectionists-handbook/201202/can-infections-result-in-mental-illness, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/flu/symptoms-causes/syc-20351719, https://www.nami.org/About-Mental-Illness/Treatments/Psychotherapy, https://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/in-practice/201301/cognitive-restructuring, http://cogbtherapy.com/cognitive-behavioral-therapy-exercises/, https://www.psychologytoday.com/therapy-types/existential-therapy, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, https://www.nimh.nih.gov/health/topics/index.shtml, Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. d. understand how beliefs and values are related to behaviors. b. For more on psychosurgery, check out this article from Psychology Today: https://www.psychologytoday.com/articles/199203/psychosurgery. a. sociocultural
b. biological
c. cognitive
d. demonological, 4. c. identify the client's unreasonable ideas and feelings. She has developed depression due to a serotonin deficiency. The uni-dimensional model proposes a single factor as the cause of psychopathology while the multi-dimensional model integrates multiple causes of psychopathology and affirms that each cause comes to affect other causes over time. What is learning? The medical model definition is the concept of how mental and emotional issues are related to biological causes and problems. The biological treatment known as psychosurgery would MOST likely be used in the treatment of a patient with:
a. a severe disorder that is also associated with a high risk of suicide. d. acceptance and commitment, 97. Gestalt therapy is similar to mindfulness techniques in its emphasis on:
a. using I language. List and define the ten defense mechanisms proposed by Freud. b. secondary prevention. Release of neurotransmitters is stopped. The force that is in control in this example is the: Which model is MOST likely to suggest using free association to uncover unconscious processes? The synapse consists of three parts the axon of the sending neuron, the space in between called the synaptic space, gap, or cleft, and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. c. intellectualization. 114. On the other hand, if we see a sibling constantly getting in trouble with the law, then we may not model this behavior due to the negative consequences. The most common types of antidepressants are SSRIs or selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and include Citalopram, Paroxetine, and Fluoxetine (Prozac). This is an example of behavior modification using:
120. 72. 102. The second major CBT strategy is called cognitive coping skills training. Low socioeconomic status has been linked to higher rates of mental and physical illness (Ng, Muntaner, Chung, & Eaton, 2014) due to persistent concern over unemployment or under-employment, low wages, lack of health insurance, no savings, and the inability to put food on the table, which then leads to feeling hopeless, helpless, and dependency on others. The client is classically conditioned to associate drinking with the negative experience of vomiting. d. Bandura. Annually, approximately 100,000 undergo ECT to treat conditions such as severe depression, acute mania, suicidality, and some forms of schizophrenia. Figure 2.2. The force that is in control in this example is the:
a. id. 128. Prescribing an antidepressant medication such as paroxetine. b. axons. As such, he continues to steal her toys. Individuals describe this feeling as an out-of-body experience where you are an observer of your thoughts, feelings, and physical being. a. c. reject thoughts that are not rational. The persons true intentions or thoughts and feelings are not readily available to us, or are covert, and do not make for useful empirical data. "That's all right. c. The receiving neurons fire. The neuron. c. They explain outside influences and past events. Which of the following exemplify secondary prevention? b. let their thoughts flow, without judgment. In terms of operant conditioning, strategies include antecedent manipulations, prompts, punishment procedures, differential reinforcement, habit reversal, shaping, and programming. We describe these as primary and secondary reinforcers and punishers. Consider a rat trained to push a lever to receive a food pellet. The behavioral model concerns the cognitive process of learning, which is any relatively permanent change in behavior due to experience and practice and has two main forms associative learning to include classical and operant conditioning and observational learning. The child learns to interact with others without yelling. She works very hard to do things that other people would like and to make people like her. This represents the individual pairings of a feared object or situation and relaxation. 109. 49. Based on related research, we would expect this person to have a _____ number of offline friends and to _____ share information with them.