Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to 1544957. Makerere University (Kampala), Department of Geography. Therefore, its best to use Encyclopedia.com citations as a starting point before checking the style against your school or publications requirements and the most-recent information available at these sites: http://www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/tools_citationguide.html. Apart from land, the rights to which were passed on equally to all sons, the eldest son was traditionally the designated heir of the father's property, although he was supposed to provide for the needs of his younger brothers. More With the coming of the ivory and slave trades, and the firearms that accompanied them, conflict became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. London: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. T(h)uri Kumam [11], After defeating Okello and his Acholi-dominated Uganda National Liberation Army, now-President Yoweri Museveni and his National Resistance Army conducted revenge killings in the north. Movement. Twentieth-century densities have been consistently the second lowest in all of Uganda (after Karamoja). In 2009, Acholi was one of the six Ugandan languages identified as having more than one Deep-rooted divisions and polarization remain between different ethnic groups, and these have been greatly exacerbated by the way in which the countrys leadership has developed since independence. Death and Afterlife. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. Both Protestant and Catholic missionaries were active in Acholi from early colonial rule, providing written Luo religious, educational, and historical texts and producing a local educated elite, all of which fostered the further development of an Acholi identity within the colonial context of "tribal" culture, consciousness, and politics. Okot p'Bitek's epic poem, Song of Lawino, debates Acholi customs around the time that Uganda became independent. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. The Acholi dialect is a Western Nilotic language, classified as Luo (or Lwo). This cookie is set by Facebook to deliver advertisement when they are on Facebook or a digital platform powered by Facebook advertising after visiting this website. Under Ugandan Pres. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. The account of the Acholi reaching [13] The refugees in the camps have also been subject to raids by both LRA and government forces.[10]. Political Organization. The n, Mende Required electronic filing by tax-exempt political organizations. Although polygyny has often been presented as an ideal, limited means have always made it rare in practice. Social Organization. Thanks for using our World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples! [CDATA[ The results showed that students had, On the one hand, languages are translatable, which can be demonstrated from different perspectives such as the general characteristics of language, the parallel linguistic, The purpose of this study was to examine the language attitudes and language practices of Arabic-speaking families living in the United States. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. that included areas now belonging to South Sudan and the northern regions of Uganda. Army membership has also supplied a distinct, if largely negative, socializing influence on many Acholi young men. Marriage has been typically patrilocal and patriarchal, with the husband and father as the undisputed head of the household. Similarly, when Yoweri Musevenis National Resistance Army (NRA) took power in 1986, there were revenge killings and looting of livestock in the north of the country. The northerners also contributed to the further evolution of an Acholi identity, not only by introducing the name "Shuuli," which eventually became "Acholi," but by acting in ways that promoted Acholi as a meaningful ethnic and geographic entity. colonial rule in their region for decades, before finally being integrated in the Ugandan territory Dances and other activities surrounding spirit possession seem to have been originally introduced from Bunyoro in the early nineteenth century and then became more wide-spread during the tumultuous years of the latter part of that century. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. This cookie is set by Youtube. The Acholi have small chiefdoms of one or more villages, each with several patrilineal clans. [7] During the second half of the nineteenth century, Arabic-speaking traders from the north started to call them Shooli, a term which was transformed into 'Acholi'.[8]. Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. Social Control. Even bride-wealth marriages are now often mainly nuclear-family affairs, and other alternatives to traditional marriage are common. The Lwoo. Atkinson (2011 [1994]) wrote on this issue: First came the establishment of new, chiefly, socio-political institutions and ideology. Ocheng, D. O. 17 de fevereiro de 2022 / Category . The conflict had dramatic effects on the local Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers Acholi and Langi in government. From the Village to Entebbe: The Acholi of Northern Uganda and . from sexual conduct, over blackmailing and stealing, to killing someone (Vincent, 2012, pp. In precolonial Acholi, lineage heads and elders were most responsible The primary language of Acholi today is Luo, a Western Nilotic language spoken by groups scattered across East Africa from the southern Sudan to Tanzania; many also speak English and/or Kiswahili. heard of gun sound, they were used to only lightning thunder sound. It was a system of governance fully integrated with their religion and cosmology. These guns brought Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. NRA in 1986. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Uganda, leading raids all over the region. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Acholi: Talking Politics in Northern Uganda Many Ugandans follow politics with keen interest, and President Yoweri Musevei's 34-year tenure notwithstanding, politics is a frequent topic of in-depth conversation and spirited debate among friends and acquaintances, and my conversations with my mentor are no exception. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and However, to what degree this emergence was accompanied with the creation of a common The first government chiefs, appointed from 1912 onwards, represented a measure of continuity with the pre-colonial order, since they were nearly all drawn from the ranks of the clan leaders. "Acholi "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. In . Bor Lango In addition there were priest- or priestess-diviners, private practitioners who worked for the well-being of their clients, and witches, who worked in private for evil or destructive purposes. Though some sense of a community and identity has persisted among residents, the area is characterized by substandard housing, poor environmental health and limited livelihood opportunities. Recognized compensation and reconciliation procedures seem to have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among neighboring chiefdoms within the same zone. The Acholi's harrowing ordeal began under Idi Amin's dictatorship in the seventies. Orientation Verona: Editrice Nigrizia. Certain rwodi and In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. You also have the option to opt-out of these cookies. Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona The Southern Lwoo language group (Byrnes, 1990, p. 6), did the Acholi not arrive in their present-day area before the 15th century Millet is the staple food of the Acholi, and tobacco is grown for trade. This included both agricultural and hunting land. connected and intertwined chiefdoms. Purifications or atonement practices are still performed by Acholi elders in some communities. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. of as dialects of Acholi. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun While Acholi also lives north of the South Sudaneseborder, the Sudanese Acholi are often excluded from the political meaning of the term "Acholiland". Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. Many contemporary Acholi continue to use these treatments, although nearly all with access to clinics and hospitals rely on these as well, whenever they can. This cookie is set by doubleclick.net. "State Formation in Acholi: The Emergence of Obbo, Pajok, and Panyikwara States c. It was also during this period that the name Acholi was coined by the Arab traders, calling [29], Media related to Acholi people at Wikimedia Commons. Hunting tracts are owned by clans. After his own father, however, a man's strongest kinship ties are typically with his mother's brother. When the victorious NRA started violent acts of vengeance in the following years, London: Oxford University Press. and tributes paid to them. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Advertisement". higher now, due to the ongoing growth in population. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. A single rainy season, from April-May to October-November, produces a reliable annual rainfall nine years of every ten, ranging from 102 centimeters in the central and western portions of Acholi to only 51 centimeters in much of the north and east. Despite their common language and ethnic designation, the Acholi of Uganda and the southern Sudan have distinct origins and developed along different historical trajectories; the remainder of this cultural summary will focus on the more populous Uganda Acholi. "Some Notes on Acholi Religious Ceremonies." As some of these languages show some form Webster, J. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The state is a form of human association distinguished from other social groups by its purpose, the establishment of order and security; its methods, the laws and their enforcement; its territory, the area of jurisdiction or geographic boundaries; and finally by its sovereignty . The available evidence suggests that conflict in Acholi before the end of the nineteenth century, both among Acholi chiefdoms and with neighboring peoples, was neither rare nor endemic. In the most recent phase of the cycle, beginning in the mid-1980s, Acholi has largely been on the receiving end of the violence. Over the second half of the nineteenth century, Acholi was incorporated into international trade networks through the activities of northern, Arabic-speaking ivory and slave traders. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. "In 1997, the Catholic, Anglican, Muslim, and later the Orthodox religious leaders of Acholi formalized their increasing cooperation on peace issues by setting up the Acholi Religious Leaders' Peace Initiative (ARLPI). more. (p. 34). identity is rather disputed. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. laws of social life among the Acholi were set up by the elders of the clans, regulating everything In addition to the MLA, Chicago, and APA styles, your school, university, publication, or institution may have its own requirements for citations. Religion of the Central Luo. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the The Acholi of Uganda: Adjustment to Imperialism. Land Tenure. This special access to Uganda's security forces has alternately presented opportunity and danger as a succession of regimes replaced one another in a cycle of political violence often played out in ethnic (or "tribal") terms. deaths. The Holy Spirit Movement and Its Fight against Evil in the North." Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. the northern parts remained ignored for a long time. Due to its central location and the close Social Organization. Following the Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. Arts. Traditionally, land rights were vested in localized patrilineal lineages, under the control and guidance of lineage heads and elders. southeast by the Langi region and to the south, across the Nile, by Bunyoro. The to accumulate substantial fortunes, as have a few traders. Odongo, J. M. Onyango-ku-, and J. Linguistic Affiliation. The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. "Is Alice Lakwena a Witch? But opting out of some of these cookies may affect your browsing experience. It does not correspond to any user ID in the web application and does not store any personally identifiable information. Traditional beliefs, however, still persist, often meshed with Christian doctrine in complex ways. (Ugandan Parliamentary Committee on Defence and Internal Affairs 1997. (1970) 'State formation and fragmentation in Agago, Eastern Acholi', This page was last edited on 3 March 2023, at 19:17. prefix a- denoting the 1st Person Singular (Whitmire, 2013, p. 51). Once chiefdoms were established, Acholi religious beliefs focused on three types of spirits (jogi; sing. Acholi live in Northern Uganda, in the districts Kitgum, Pader and Gulu. "The Concept of Jok among the Acholi and Lango." [26][27], The NRA managed to defeat all the rebel groups except the LRA which culminated in a 20-year conflict. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. Encyclopedia.com gives you the ability to cite reference entries and articles according to common styles from the Modern Language Association (MLA), The Chicago Manual of Style, and the American Psychological Association (APA). Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The Acholi were considered a martial people by the British, and many joined the military. Conflict. the furthest back is the historical reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), who described the But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. Uganda Journal 7(1): 27-43. This cookie is installed by Google Analytics. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Since Ugandan forces pushed the LRA out of Northern Uganda, the majority were able to return to their homes, though without much in the way of government support. Acholi Sub-region is consist of seven districts, namely; Gulu, Kitgum, Lamwo, Pader, Agago, Amuru and Nwoya, and are situtated in northern Uganda. The cookie also tracks the behavior of the user across the web on sites that have Facebook pixel or Facebook social plugin. The existence of separate chiefdoms was therefore not an NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . Dwyer, John O. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. This made the chiefs more independent from Precolonial trade, both within Acholi and throughout the region, focused mainly on obtaining iron ore and finished iron products in exchange for baskets or products of the farm, herd, or hunt.
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