3406b coolant flow diagram

As these fluids get hot, they expand and need to be cooled off before they return back to their original state by circulating them again through the radiator or heat exchanger (which depends on the design). When you turn on the heat in your car, it is normal for the coolant to flow through the Thermostat. The second type is horizontal flow. The cooler flows towards the exhaust manifold through thermostat housing which is located between the cylinder head and exhaust pipe. 2 Years 4 Years 0000074429 00000 n It is a temperature-sensitive device that controls the flow of coolant into the engine by controlling its valve or ports. %PDF-1.4 % The direction of the water flow is determined by where the hose is mounted. Diesel Parts Direct is not an authorized dealer for Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, John Deere, or Allison Transmission. The coolant flows from the radiator to the block, the cylinder head, and finally out to the exhaust system. It is generally used for troubleshooting purposes by technicians, especially when there are problems with the cooling system or components. I give my express consent authorizing TruckersReport and its. November 6, 2018 by jason. Endstream endobj startxref small and big. The 2.4 ecotec remained on the market through 2019. In this case, an oil cooler or water-to-air intercooler is used to increase airflow across the core. P0128 is a relatively common obdii trouble code. On friday the truck pulled in. We offer parts for 3406, 3406B, 3406C, 3406E, and G3406 diesel and natural gas engines. Each company we work with has specific experience requirements for their drivers. Caterpillar 3406e Engine Diagram e Cat Engine Diagram Pdf cat c10/c12, b, e engine schematic, sk - 1) schematic for caterpillar e/ engines in. The coolant from the reservoir flows through the system and then goes . 0000030123 00000 n 2. coolant is allowed to flow to the EGR valve, cool the valve, then the coolant is routed to the degas bottle. Can You Use Transmission Fluid For Brake Fluid? The water cooling system in the engine is the process of passing a cold liquid through the radiator. Most of the images displayed are of unknown origin. These fluids circulate through the radiator and cool down the heated parts. In order for you to receive the best possible offers, please make sure your answers above are accurate prior to submitting. The coolant is circulated to the engines hottest parts, where it helps to maintain the engines temperature. Item location call for information. 0000003145 00000 n The cooling system uses some coolant which helps to transfer heat from the hot parts of the engine to its cold parts. 0000004790 00000 n For more advanced parts manuals search capabilities, try using Service Information Systems (SIS). It is easy to follow and can help you troubleshoot any cooling issues you may have. Never run the engine with the engine heater energized. Heated coolant flows into the top of the radiator from the engine. Its also possible that the thermostat seal could be worn, allowing excess coolant to bypass the thermostat.truck engine tech39803.298652662. Ratings: 160-242 bkW (215-325 bhp) @ 1800 rpm are NSPS site compliant capable with customer-provided . The coolant temperature sending unit is mounted in the lower back side of the water cover outlet and is exposed to the hottest coolant just as the coolant exits the head and enters the water outlet cover. Fuel Evaporation Leakage Check (Causes & Prevention). It is triggered when your chevy sonic 's coolant temperature fails to reach the proper operating temperature. It also prevents overheating of the engine. Boiler diagrams, spare parts and user manuals for. Top 5 Electronic Circuit Simulation Software, How To Draw Arduino Circuit Diagram Online. Know Before You UseContinue, As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. 17 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 23 /H [ 1607 259 ] /L 136954 /E 133366 /N 1 /T 136496 >> endobj xref 17 41 0000000016 00000 n In CDL School Now It prevents dust buildup on mechanical components, which will impede the performance of your machine. 0000001659 00000 n 0000008064 00000 n The 6.7 Cummins Coolant Flow Diagram is a great way to see how the coolant flows through your engine. When the engine stops, the coolant is circulated throughout the engine to help it reach normal operating temperatures. By junkmandan - Tuesday, September 16, 2008 3:25 PM: I was gonna add that the low flow concept used a double pass radiator to provide cooler coolant to the aftercooler. This truck only has 583,467 miles! From left to right: Intake Manifold; Air Filter Housing; Engine Block; Thermostat Housing; Water Pump Gasket; Engine Oil Filter Cap (Oil Filter); Water Pump Drive Shaft; Throttle Body (Throttle Valve); Coil Pack; Injector Rail Support Plate (Injector); Exhaust Manifold Pipe Clamp (Exhaust Pipe Clamp); Headlamp Bracket Bolt (Headlamp Bracket Bolt). 3406a 3406b 3406c 3406e c15 3406a 3406b 3406c 3406e c15 8sb 2ek 3zj 1lw b5r 92u 3zj 4ck 1mm bxs 4ck 5kj 2ws jep 4mg 5ds kra 5kj 5ek mhp 5yg 6ts mxs 7fb nxs. On friday the truck pulled in. Yes, you can mix 50/50 coolant with concentrate. 0000002096 00000 n With these safety measures, we ensure our information is only being accessed by real humans. When you turn off your car, this cycle stops because there is no more room for coolant in the system. See Fig. 1-5 Months 0000040847 00000 n If you notice any leaks, along with engine misfires and decreasing power, make sure to replace the fuel line in your 3406 Series engine immediately. If you need any help finding a part, please use our quote request form or call us at 888.687.0539: our knowledgeable inside sales staff will promptly assist you. It circulates throughout the engine and absorbs heat, preventing damage. 0000035633 00000 n 5for the Caterpillar B and E en-gine brake wiring diagram. The Chevy 350 coolant flow diagram is a great way to see how the coolant flows through the engine. Your email address will not be published. Without your consent employers will not be able to contact with job offers, would you like to opt-in now? November 6, 2018 by jason. On the other hand, if you install a hose at the top of your radiator and want to drain it into a sink, you have to turn off the water supply to prevent water from flowing back down the line when draining takes place. Coolant Temperature Sensor Added 18 Programmable Parameters 3406B/C vs. 3406E/C-15/C-16 Similarities -Both engines use Throttle Position, Cruise Control, and Customer Parameters to constantly determine a desired engine speed. Common Amsoil Problems: Know The Dark Side Of Amsoil. In the diagram, those are connections 8 and 9. New cam bearings were installed. Cat C15 Coolant Flow Diagram www.mikrora.com. dec 25, 2011. Vue, pontiac g5, g6, buick regal, and more. Learning Outcome 5: Describe the general service procedures for cooling systems Assessment Criteria 5.1 Describe the procedures for visual inspection, testing and cleaning of the cooling system 5.1.1 Visual inspection of the cooling system 5.1.2 Visual inspection for air flow 5.1.3 Coolant circulation 5.1.3.1 Water pump 5.1.3.2 Radiator core flow If you are on a personal connection, like at home, you can run an anti-virus scan on your device to make sure it is not infected with malware. I give my express consent authorizing TruckersReport and its. 0000050833 00000 n On a good tight coolant system, the truck can sit for a week and will still make the pressure release sound when you remove the radiator cap since it basically creates a sort of vacuum after you shut the motor down and it cools. A thermostat regulates coolant flow through an engine. 2 Years Geschreven door op februari 13, 2021. It is triggered when your chevy sonic 's coolant temperature fails to reach the proper operating temperature. Chris (aka-Moose) There is not a diagram showing the coolant flow with the hoses attached to the engine. Ideal applications for G3406 engines include gas lift, gas gathering, and wellhead gas compression. 3 Years trailer << /Size 51 /Info 15 0 R /Encrypt 18 0 R /Root 17 0 R /Prev 50466 /ID[<13b83e86170dbd0066f9edfba09d692f><13b83e86170dbd0066f9edfba09d692f>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 17 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 14 0 R /Outlines 6 0 R /PageMode /UseNone /OpenAction 19 0 R >> endobj 18 0 obj << /Filter /Standard /V 1 /R 2 /O (Q8*yZXJ3 m) /U (3 !K5bz`f\() /P -12 >> endobj 19 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 20 0 R /FitH -32768 ] >> endobj 49 0 obj << /S 69 /T 156 /O 201 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 50 0 R >> stream %PDF-1.3 % How Does A Car Act When The Fuel Pump Is Going Out? The water is cooled to a temperature below the engines operating temperature and then circulated through the engine to reduce its temperature. 1-5 Months The coolant flows through the Thermostat in one of two ways through the heat pump or the blower. (Avoid Risk). 0000001167 00000 n 0000002121 00000 n As the fluid passes through these tubes, it absorbs heat energy from inside the engine block, causing it to become cooler than the outside air temperature. The coolant flow diagram is very useful in understanding the system. Engine cooling system is a part of the engine that prevents overheating, exhaust gas temperature, and coolant temperatures. It is triggered when your chevy sonic 's coolant temperature fails to reach the proper operating temperature. It can be used in many applications such as computers, fans, electric motors, etc. The direction of the engine coolant flow is dependent on whether the radiator cap or the Thermostat is being used. The third type of Sbc Cooling System Flow Direction is mixed-mode systems that have some portions in one direction but include some portion where air moves in a mixed manner from either inlet or outlet section or both sides at once for all three sections together. This is a 2001 3406 475 hp 6nz model and pre Asert era. P0521 Code: The Ultimate Guide,P0522 Code (Details Explanation),P0524 Code (Explanation For Beginner). We offer parts for 3406, 3406b, 3406c, 3406e, and g3406 diesel and natural gas engines. 3406a 3406b 3406c 3406e c15 3406a 3406b 3406c 3406e c15 8sb 2ek 3zj 1lw b5r 92u 3zj 4ck 1mm bxs 4ck 5kj 2ws jep 4mg 5ds kra 5kj 5ek mhp 5yg 6ts mxs 7fb nxs. This is a safety precaution to ensure that all the parts of the heater are working properly. I see this often There are several things that can cause this. Strong odors of fuel can signify a leak in Caterpillar fuel lines. There are three types of cooling systems in a vehicle: A cooling system is a device that circulates air through the radiator or heat exchanger of an engine to remove heat from it. Our wide inventory of Caterpillar . 0000016998 00000 n 0000001316 00000 n It doesn't appear that any coolant is getting into the crankcase. The coolant flow direction for a Chevy 350 is the same as any other engine. It doesn't appear that any coolant is getting into the crankcase. Superhauler, Mar 15, 2017 #3 + Quote Reply WyoVac Thanks this. 8l complete engine online coolant temperature and hydraulic oil temperature for optimized cooling epa tier 4 final, eu stage iiib emission. The 2.4 ecotec remained on the market through 2019. It is also known as Vehicle Service Manual (VSM) or Technical Service Manual (TSM). The only one is the diagram I sent showing the flow at the pipes on the engine. 6-11 Months By checking this box and clicking the "Send me job offers" button below, I represent that I: By checking this box and clicking the "Send me job offers" button below. November 6, 2018 by jason. Electrical Components. Lovely template 3 4 l engine coolant flow diagram illustrations when the engine warms up the wax melts expands and pushes the valve open allowing. Chevy 5 3 Coolant Flow Diagram: The image below shows a Chevy 5 3 Coolant Flow Diagram that explains how coolant passes through various parts of an engine and their function and purpose. On a cat 3406e where is the coolant temp sensor located - Answered by a verified Technician We use cookies to give you the best possible experience on our website. A typical example of this situation would be connecting a garden hose from above or from underneath. (Explained)Continue, As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. X;2 oLL((p8X3,o(. 0000015205 00000 n Is it normal for this drag or difficulty to turn? This is why oil enters the coolant side, When you shut down, You still have pressure in the radiator and that can push coolant to the base. Required fields are marked *. Cat G3406 gas engine. There are no particular directions to pay attention to. If you are at an office or shared network, you can ask the network administrator to run a scan across the network looking for misconfigured or infected devices. The 3406 PEEC evolved from the legendary 3406 mechanically governed engine with the . C18 acert coolant c13 elc rabljeno strojeve dijelovi c15 alati strojevi motores mecanico transmig eneria machinio equipamentos supplemental. This diagram can help you diagnose problems with your cars cooling system if you notice a temperature rise or if your car begins misfiring or loses power when driving at highway speeds. 0000098106 00000 n 0000001513 00000 n If youre anything like us, you love your car. The higher the temperature of the engine coolant, it means that more heat is generated. Complete Workshop & Service Manual With Electrical Wiring Diagrams For Caterpillar 3406 & 3406B Disel Engines. 0000114326 00000 n 1 for a full view of the Caterpillar B and E engine wiring diagram, including cab and engine switch circuits. This also applies when draining outdoor hoses during summertime, where hot air rises through radiators, causing backflow problems and heat transfer problems between pipes inside vehicle engines (even though hot air moves upwards). HMWhi|EH},hQh/I. 0000009784 00000 n The diagram is also a great way to see how the different parts of the engine work together. If not enough piping exists between components, then overheating can cause damage to either hose or pipe insulation; this could result in a fire inside your vehicles engine compartment if left unattended for too long! 0000001484 00000 n This helps reduce the risk of overheating and prevents dirt, dust, and other particles from entering the engine. 0000001901 00000 n Maximize fuel efficiency in Caterpillar 3406 engines with fuel lines from Diesel Parts Direct. Coolant Products Cat ELCTM Extended life coolant Extends coolant life to 600,000 miles (1,000,000 km) or 6 years with extender added at half-life The hot coolant flows towards the intake manifold and toward the rear. The water pump also forces hot coolant through the heater core during the cooling system's cycle. It helps you understand your cars cooling system, how it works, and what type of fluids are used in it. In CDL School Now Privacy | I have a ford ltl9000 with a 3406b 7fb engine. Ask your own medium and. 5+ Years, Please select ALL of your current, valid drivers licenses. Page 6 of 85 . The coolant is passed through a series of tubes and fins that effectively dissipate the heat in the coolant. 0000086118 00000 n Big to you thanks for the necessary information. 0000073804 00000 n 0000002275 00000 n CAT 3406E 14.6L Sensor from www.vanderhaags.com. 3. Could the camshaft bearing be installed incorrectly? 0000062344 00000 n None of the parts beginning with "DS" or "R" are genuine Caterpillar, Cummins, Detroit Diesel, John Deere, or Allison Transmission items. i April 18th, 2018 - 3406e Fuel System Diagram In Addition 3406b Cat Engine Diagram Further Injection Pump Removal On A 3406b Cat As Well As Cat 3406c Coolant Sensor Wiring In Addition 3tnrb C 15 Cat Flashing Code 24 Told Further Brochures Further Sciont Engine Diagram Furthermore 3116 Cat Engine Parts Diagram The thermostat provides control for your engine's warm-up period. 0000003870 00000 n The manual says the depth of the bearings one after the other starts from the middle of the #1 bearing. Coolant flow through the cylinder head is a necessary function of the engine to ensure that the engine is operating at its peak performance. 0000074452 00000 n Also, be sure that your overflow tank has sufficient clearance for air pressure buildup (a little distance between the top of your tank and your cars body). The Thermostat is used to regulate the coolant flow through an engine. In the case of electronics, it should withstand high heat without damage occurring due to overheating or excessive cooling requirements being applied by overloading a components fan with too much airflow. 0 comments {u f t r v /= ~ 7b 5ba u}3& ' u qc @ y = i ak fo. c15 ecm 3406e furthermore acert c7 throttle schematic isx likewise. Mercon Vs Mercon V: Whats The Best Transmission Fluid? 1) Radiator - The radiator is responsible for transferal of heat from the circulating coolant to the air passing through it. Mar 16, 2017 #4 WyoVac Bobtail Member 34 24 Feb 11, 2017 The 2.4 ecotec remained on the market through 2019. I Need CDL Training A thermostat works on the principle of sensing the temperature inside a car and then opens or closes the circuit to prevent overheating. 0000016976 00000 n When it senses that the coolant reaches a certain temperature, it opens up one or more valves to allow more coolant to enter the system. 1 Year 0000001607 00000 n Allison Transmission and all of their transmissionmodels listed on this website are registered trademarks of Allison Transmission. 0000104371 00000 n These systems rely on controlled boiling (evaporation), which creates more surface area for heat transfer while reducing pressure to improve efficiency. Discussion in 'Heavy Duty Diesel Truck Mechanics Forum' started by WyoVac, Mar 12, 2017. The second component is a fan. 0000001378 00000 n Fuse Panel 2015 Nissan Rogue Fuse Box Diagram, 1995 Toyota Corolla Exhaust System Diagram, 2001 Hyundai Sonata Serpentine Belt Diagram, Screamin' Eagle Ignition Module Wiring Diagram, 2002 Jeep Grand Cherokee Evap System Diagram, Square D Homeline 200 Amp Panel Wiring Diagram, 2001 Dodge Ram 2500 Diesel Brake Line Diagram, Ceiling Fan Wiring Diagram Red Black White, Intake Manifold Ford 4.2 Liter V6 Engine Diagram, Peterbilt 389 Spare Switch Wiring Diagram, Wiring Diagram For Hunter Ceiling Fan With Remote, 2010 Nissan Altima Serpentine Belt Diagram, Factory Wiring Mitsubishi Stereo Wiring Diagram, Where Is The Resistor Located On This Diagram. 3500033 ZeroStart CAT 3406 Engine Block Heater 1500W 120V 1" NPT. 16 0 obj << /Linearized 1 /O 20 /H [ 1378 302 ] /L 50914 /E 35876 /N 2 /T 50476 >> endobj xref 16 35 0000000016 00000 n Parts Lookup - Enter a part number or partial description to search for parts within this model. d=2 f-/zZ28pB.T[i~fT%>YCD,|/w99.)2\ 0000004158 00000 n 0000003965 00000 n 0000001978 00000 n Caterpillar Engine, Temperature and Pressure Sensor. This cooling system can greatly improve engine performance and fuel efficiency. A cooling system is pressurized because different fluids flow through it, which are pumped at high pressure. The Chevy 350 engine has a water pump and radiator on the front. I noticed the first bearing in the front wasn't set correctly at the 20 degree angle or whatever. 0000011431 00000 n For partial (detailed) views of the Caterpillar B and E engine wiring dia-gram, See Fig. A thermostat is a device that controls the temperature in a room by opening and closing the heating and cooling vents. The coolant is usually water, but other liquids like glycol or alcohol can also be used. The Thermostat allows coolant to circulate through the system until it reaches a certain temperature. JavaScript Disabled - Unable to show Cart. 35000200. 0000011548 00000 n 0000001866 00000 n If your add Coolant to Ram 1500 is low on coolant,, Read More How To Add Coolant To Ram 1500Continue, Is It Safe Mixing Dexcool and Universal Antifreeze? I would suspect coolant is in the crankcase. December 9, 2022 by Jenny Fresh. 0000062367 00000 n I ordered a reconditioned camshaft p/n 187-9381. When the motor is running the oil pressure is greater then coolant pressure. 0000003597 00000 n 0000018670 00000 n Engine cooling systems consist of a radiator, water pump, Thermostat, and water pressure regulator. Caterpillar 3406E Engine Specifications Fuel: Diesel Cubic Inch Displacement: 893 Cylinder Bore Diameter: 5.400-5.402" (137.16-137.211 MM) Stroke: 6.500" (165.1 MM) Cylinder Configuration: L6 Engine Comments: 3406E truck, OHC, 24 Valve Caterpillar 3406E Serial Numbers and Casting Numbers Or view the PDF here. In a nutshell, coolant flows through an engine in a counter-clockwise fashion. Privacy | 0000009806 00000 n . 0000028008 00000 n It is triggered when your chevy sonic 's coolant temperature fails to reach the proper operating temperature. This is a safety device only. I Need CDL Training There are several components that make up an engine cooling system. It keeps the machine running at its optimum level by regulating the temperatures of all components, thereby preventing overheating and damage to critical parts. For example, if you install a hose at the bottom of your radiator and want to drain it into a sink, it will be drained downwards because thats where gravity is pulling it. Now the coolant has some options for flow path. Another way to look at this problem is as follows: When the engine starts up, hot coolant goes from block through thermostat housing into cylinders where it mixes with cold water which flows from the condenser into water pump where its pumped through cooling system till it reaches radiator where its cooled down so that when it gets back to block again, it has already lost much of its heat. As the cam sits in head, I can freely turn it. trailer << /Size 58 /Info 14 0 R /Root 18 0 R /Prev 136486 /ID[<72d74a10d6068c59ad0f9fb7bca08b46><5f4ef97c0fc4c4e6550d152d55c55ceb>] >> startxref 0 %%EOF 18 0 obj << /Type /Catalog /Pages 15 0 R /Metadata 16 0 R /Outlines 1 0 R /Threads 20 0 R /Names 22 0 R /OpenAction 19 0 R /PageMode /UseNone /PageLabels 13 0 R /PageLayout /OneColumn /ViewerPreferences << /DisplayDocTitle true >> >> endobj 19 0 obj << /S /GoTo /D [ 23 0 R /FitBH -32768 ] >> endobj 20 0 obj [ 21 0 R ] endobj 21 0 obj << /I << /Title (A)>> /F 24 0 R >> endobj 22 0 obj << /Dests 11 0 R >> endobj 56 0 obj << /S 36 /O 123 /E 139 /L 155 /Filter /FlateDecode /Length 57 0 R >> stream 0000100783 00000 n In this example, we can see there are 3 different colored lines with letters B, E, and G, respectively indicating water, ethylene glycol, and antifreeze respectively. Yes, coolant always circulates through the heater core. On friday the truck pulled in. SBC cooling system flow direction can be divided into three types: Coolant is a liquid used in car engines to keep them running at the desired temperature. Fuel Evaporation Leakage Check (Causes & Prevention). Then, the thermostat opens, allowing coolant to flow from the engine to the radiator. Every month 400 people find a job with the help of TruckersReport. There are (10) parts used by this model. P0128 is a relatively common obdii trouble code. Please select the number of verifiable months youve been driving professionally using your Class A CDL within the last 3 years. Please enable Cookies and reload the page. P0128 is a relatively common obdii trouble code. Every month 400 people find a job with the help of TruckersReport. Among the coolants, Dexcool and universal antifreeze are the most used. As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. Chevy 5 3 Coolant Flow Diagram is a schematic diagram that shows the system components of the vehicle. Chevy 350 Coolant Flow Diagram. Cookie Policy | If you are loosing coolant and steam is coming from the blow by tube. 0000003909 00000 n As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. 3406, 3406B, 3406C, 3406E, C-10/C-12, C-15/C-16 Engine Oil, Advanced High Efficiency, Spin on 1R1808 Engine Oil, Standard Efficiency, Spin On 1R0716 . G3406 engines meet the most demanding continuous duty gas compression applications with virtually no unscheduled downtime. It is triggered when your chevy sonic 's coolant temperature fails to reach the proper operating temperature. Water can also be added directly to the intercooler to achieve similar results compared with water-to-air systems. I noticed after bolting the cam gear on and begin to torque it, it seems to have a lot of drag. There a plug in the coolant rail at the rear of block on passenger side ( only if your oil cooler neck attaches in the center of block) don't waste your time running it from compresser. So the oil feeds that journal wherever the bearings rotated too? Its the same service manual used by dealers that guaranteed to. around 40degress were a hi/flow only drops temps about 10 to 15 degress. Found on Diagram: Electrical Components. 5+ Years, Please select ALL of your current, valid drivers licenses. For a radiator cap type system, check for any clogs in lines leading from the expansion tank (with fluid under pressure) to where they exit through an opening at one end of the radiator core tube. As far as the coolant is concerned, you should not mix it with antifreeze or water because it can cause corrosion of internal engine parts. Caterpillar 3406 Generator Wiring Diagram. The two will, Read More Can I Mix 50/50 Coolant With ConcentrateContinue, As an Amazon Associate, I earn from qualifying purchases. The primary component is the radiator. The Engine Coolant Flow Diagram also shows how much heat each component generates and where that heat goes when it leaves that component. Detroit Diesel and all of the Detroit Diesel engine models listed on this website are registered trademarks of Daimler AG. 0000008086 00000 n Lovely template 3 4 l engine coolant flow diagram illustrations when the engine warms up the wax melts expands and pushes the valve open allowing. It is also a good reference to have when doing maintenance on your engine. Does the thrust rub against the cam bearing? This is called free convection, where a closed-loop operates with no pump to move it around and no fans to push it around. All the content of this site are do not gain any financial benefit from the downloads of any images/wallpaper. 0000086141 00000 n Lubricating - cooler, right hand filler, full flow filter, gear-driven pump, front or rear sump pan Turbocharger Vibration damper ACCESSORY EQUIPMENT Air compressor, gear driven 16.5 or 31 cfm Air inlet elbows Alternator (12 Volt-65 Amp, 24 Volt-45 Amp or 60 Amp) Auxiliary pulleys and drives BrakeSaver (hydraulic retarder) - front or rear sump

3406b coolant flow diagram 2023