This observation became ironic, as after 1871, France indeed became Germany's permanent enemy, and eventually allied with Russia against Germany in the 1890s.[23]. He so thoroughly undermined liberalism that Weimar Germany never could make liberalism succeed: "Nationalism unleavened by liberalism turned chauvinistic, and liberalism without responsibility grew sterile."[144]. Bismarck was not yet a member of the Landtag, the lower house of the new Prussian legislature. Playwright. [116], In 1888 Kaiser Wilhelm I died, leaving the throne to his son, Friedrich III. His easy chat combined blunt truths, partial revelations, and outright deceptions. This began what historians refer to as "The Misery of Austria" in which Austria served as a mere vassal to the superior Germany, a relationship that was to shape history until the end of the First World War. 8, 424, 444; Bismarck specifically referred to Socialists, among others, as "Enemies of the Reich". In April 1849, the Frankfurt Parliament offered the title of Emperor to King Frederick William IV. "Land and Sea Power in the Second German Reich. In the midst of this disarray, the European balance of power was restructured with the creation of the German Empire as the dominant power in continental Europe apart from Russia. That Germany was France's enemy became the basic fact of international relations. He was succeeded by his son, Wilhelm II, who opposed Bismarck's careful foreign policy, preferring vigorous and rapid expansion to enlarge Germany's "place in the sun". Bismarck acted immediately to secure the unification of Germany. A devout Lutheran, he was loyal to his king, Wilhelm I, who argued with Bismarck but in the end supported him against the advice of his wife Queen Augusta and his heir Crown Prince Frederick William. It forced him to take into account the fear and alarm that his bullying and Germany's fast-growing power was causing among its neighbors, and reinforced his determination that Germany should work in proactive fashion to preserve the peace in Europe, rather than passively let events take their own course and reacting to them.[89][90]. Both powers promised to remain neutral towards one another unless Russia attacked Austria-Hungary. Bismarck also repeated his emphatic warning against any German military involvement in Balkan disputes. ô`tō fən bĭs`märk), 1815–98, German statesman, known as the Iron Chancellor. He alone had brought about a complete transformation of the European international order. Theodore Zeldin says, "Revenge and the recovery of Alsace-Lorraine became a principal object of French policy for the next forty years. He had defended that royal prerogative because it had allowed him to carry out his immense will; now the absolute prerogative of the Emperor became what it has always been, the prerogative of the sovereign. [107] A secondary concern was trumping the Socialists, who had no welfare proposals of their own and opposed Bismarck's. Following the victory against Austria, he abolished the supranational German Confederation and instead formed the North German Confederation as the first German national state, aligning the smaller North German states behind Prussia, and excluding Austria. The bully, the dictator, and the "demonic" combined in him with the self-pity and the hypochondria to create a constant crisis of authority, which he exploited for his own ends. Jonathan Steinberg, in his 2011 biography of Bismarck wrote that he was: a political genius of a very unusual kind [whose success] rested on several sets of conflicting characteristics among which brutal, disarming honesty mingled with the wiles and deceits of a confidence man. Otto Eduard Leopold von Bismarck was born into an aristocratic family at Schönhausen, northwest of Berlin, on 1 April 1815. "Social Policy under the Empire: Myths and Evidence", E. P. Hennock, "Social Policy in the Bismarck Era: A Progress Report,", sfn error: multiple targets (2×): CITEREFCowen2012 (, Henry A. Kissinger, "The White Revolutionary: Reflections on Bismarck", Evans, Richard J. In 1849, Bismarck was elected to the Landtag. Motley, who later became an eminent historian and diplomat while remaining close to Bismarck, wrote a novel in 1839, Morton's Hope, or the Memoirs of a Provincial, about life in a German university. Without these two events, Italian unification would have been a more prolonged process. Germany had existed as a collection of hundreds of separate principalities and Free Cities since the formation of the Holy Roman Empire. At first this seemed like a victory for Augustenburg, but Bismarck soon removed him from power by making a series of unworkable demands, namely that Prussia should have control over the army and navy of the duchies. Meanwhile, the conservatives regrouped, formed an inner group of advisers—including the Gerlach brothers, known as the "Camarilla"—around the King, and retook control of Berlin. He possessed not only a long-term national and international vision but also the short-term ability to juggle complex developments. Les Bismarck sont des propriétaires terriens prussiens établis à Schönhausen depuis 1562. Bismarck, Otto von (bĭz`märk, Ger. At the end of the conflict we should scarcely know why we had fought."[101]. Largely as a result of Bismarck's efforts, the various German kingdoms were united into a single country. Gerwarth argues that the constructed memory of Bismarck played a central role as an antidemocratic myth in the highly ideological battle over the past, which raged between 1918 and 1933. Otto von Bismarck Fans Also Viewed . [95] However, in 1883–84 he suddenly reversed himself and overnight built a colonial empire in Africa and the South Pacific. Historian Robert K. Massie has noted Bismarck's popular image was as "gruff" and "militaristic", while in reality "Bismarck's tool was aggressive, ruthless diplomacy. But Bismarck was sidelined from events in Germany and could only watch impotently as France drove Austria out of Lombardy during the Italian War of 1859. Bismarck feared that a hostile combination of Austria, France, and Russia would crush Germany. "[85][86] Once the annexation took place the only policy that made sense was trying to isolate France so it had no strong allies. [citation needed] When Denmark refused, Austria and Prussia invaded, sparking the Second Schleswig War. Count Andreas von Bismarck-Schönhausen, father of Baroness Stephanie von und zu Guttenberg, died on July 20 in Salzburg. View this post on Instagram A post shared by Nikolai von Bismarck (@nikolaivonbismarck) on Aug 3, 2017 at 9:45am PDT The editorial produced a war scare, with Britain and Russia warning that they would not tolerate a preventive war against France. [96] He was aware that public opinion had started to demand colonies for reasons of German prestige. He was forced to contend with French revanchism, the desire to avenge the losses of the Franco-Prussian War. Gräfin Gunilla Von Bismarck + Gräfin Celia Von Bismarck Bei Vorstellung Der Neuen "Bismarck Zigarre" . [citation needed], Military success brought Bismarck tremendous political support in Prussia. He had made sure that it remained the sovereign's, and so it was that he fell because of a system that he preserved and bequeathed to the unstable young Emperor. Franziska had 4 siblings: Auguste Antonie Luise von Bismarck and 3 other siblings. He was diagnosed with gangrene in his foot, but refused to accept treatment for it; as a result he had difficulty walking and was often confined to a wheelchair. In the Eastern Crisis of the 1870s, fear of a repetition of this turn of events would later be a factor in Bismarck's signing the Dual Alliance with Austria-Hungary in 1879. Genealogy profile for Sibylle von Bismarck-Schönhausen. Early Life and Career. He was also promoted to the rank of lieutenant-general, and bought a former hotel in Friedrichsruh near Hamburg, which became an estate. Friedrich Adolf Ludwig von Bismarck (1766–1830), Prussian General Lieutenant, Jkr. Otto Eduard Leopold, Prince of Bismarck, Duke of Lauenburg (born von Bismarck-Schönhausen; German: Otto Eduard Leopold Fürst[2] von Bismarck, Herzog zu Lauenburg; 1 April 1815 – 30 July 1898), known as Otto von Bismarck (German: [ˈɔto fɔn ˈbɪsmaʁk] (listen)), was a conservative German statesman who masterminded the unification of Germany in 1871 and served as its first chancellor until 1890, in which capacity he dominated European affairs for two decades. He lost that battle as the Catholics responded by forming the powerful German Centre Party and using universal male suffrage to gain a bloc of seats. Karl Alexander von Bismarck (1727–1797) – married in 1762 Christiane Charlotte Gottliebe von, Jkr. Bismarck later recorded that there had been a "rattling of sabres in their scabbards" from Prussian officers when they learned that the King would not suppress the revolution by force. Bismarck soon adopted his wife's Pietism, and he remained a devout Pietist Lutheran for the rest of his life. Aries. It was in September 1862, when the Abgeordnetenhaus (House of Deputies) overwhelmingly rejected the proposed budget, that Wilhelm was persuaded to recall Bismarck to Prussia on the advice of Roon. [91] He can be seen as a marginal contributor to Italian unification. Bismarck contended that since the Constitution did not provide for cases in which legislators failed to approve a budget, there was a "legal loophole" in the Constitution and so he could apply the previous year's budget to keep the government running. The war was a great success for Prussia as the German army, controlled by Chief of Staff Moltke, won victory after victory. [83], France was Bismarck's main problem. [156], Robert Gerwarth shows that the Bismarck myth, built up predominantly during his years of retirement and even more stridently after his death, proved a powerful rhetorical and ideological tool. On 30 September 1862, Bismarck made a famous speech to the Budget Committee of the Prussian Chamber of Deputies in which he expounded on the use of "iron and blood" to achieve Prussia's goals: Prussia must concentrate and maintain its power for the favorable moment which has already slipped by several times. In a famous letter to Leopold von Gerlach, Bismarck wrote that it was foolish to play chess having first put 16 of the 64 squares out of bounds. The Centre Party was afraid of the expansion of federal power at the expense of states' rights. To those who presided over its construction, the monument was also a means of asserting Hamburg's cultural aspirations and of shrugging off a reputation as a city hostile to the arts. His extraordinary double ability to see how groups would react and the willingness to use violence to make them obey, the capacity to read group behavior and the force to make them move to his will, gave him the chance to exercise what [Steinberg has] called his "sovereign self".[145]. By 1870 even his closest friends ... realized that they had helped put a demonic figure into power. He hoped that surrounding France with liberal states would help the French republicans defeat MacMahon and his reactionary supporters. Bismarck sharply disagreed with Wilhelm's policies and worked to circumvent them. The liberal movement perished by the end of 1848 amid internal fighting. This organization established central and bureaucratic insurance offices on the federal, and in some cases the state level to actually administer the program whose benefits kicked in to replace the sickness insurance program as of the 14th week. To facilitate this, Bismarck arranged for the administration of this program to be placed in the hands of Der Arbeitgeberverband in den beruflichen Korporationen (the Organization of Employers in Occupational Corporations). The Treaty of Berlin revised the earlier Treaty of San Stefano, reducing the size of newly independent Bulgaria (a pro-Russian state at that time). His rage drove him to exaggerate the threat from Catholic activities and to respond with very extreme measures. "[92], Bismarck realized that both Russia and Britain considered control of central Asia a high priority, dubbed the "Great Game". [citation needed]. He was also convinced that the French would not be able to find allies since " France, the victor, would be a danger to everybody – Prussia to nobody." [97][98] Bismarck was influenced by Hamburg merchants and traders, his neighbors at Friedrichsruh. To aid faltering industries, the Chancellor abandoned free trade and established protectionist import-tariffs, which alienated the National Liberals who demanded free trade. He became a member of the Bundestag, the German parliament, in 2005. The National Liberals refused to make this law permanent, while the Conservatives supported only the entirety of the bill, threatening to and eventually vetoing the entire bill in session because Bismarck would not agree to a modified bill. Bismarck distrusted democracy and ruled through a strong, well-trained bureaucracy with power in the hands of a traditional Junker elite that consisted of the landed nobility in eastern Prussia. Over the centuries various rulers had tried to unify the German states without success until Bismarck. Germany became a modern, unified nation under the leadership of the “Iron Chancellor” Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898), who between 1862 and 1890 effectively ruled first Prussia and then all of Germany. Bismarck stayed in St Petersburg for four years, during which he almost lost his leg to botched medical treatment and once again met his future adversary, the Russian Prince Gorchakov, who had been the Russian representative in Frankfurt in the early 1850s. He negotiated with representatives of the southern German states, offering special concessions if they agreed to unification. "Bulgaria, that little country between the Danube and the Balkans, is far from being an object of adequate importance... for which to plunge Europe from Moscow to the Pyrenees, and from the North Sea to Palermo, into a war whose issue no man can foresee. Le titre de prince de Bismarck a été créé en 1871 par Guillaume Ier en faveur de l'homme d'État prussien Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) pour le récompenser de son rôle dans l'unification allemande. Bismarck accelerated the Kulturkampf. As a result, Russo-German relations further deteriorated, with the Russian chancellor Gorchakov denouncing Bismarck for compromising his nation's victory. [140] His diplomatic feats were undone, however, by Kaiser Wilhelm II, whose policies unified other European powers against Germany in time for World War I. France was the main exception because of the Franco–Prussian War and Bismarck's harsh subsequent policies; France became one of Germany's most bitter enemies in Europe. Bismarck had also made a secret alliance with Italy, who desired Austrian-controlled Veneto. He was granted a hereditary comital title in 1865, the hereditary title of Prince of Bismarck in 1871, and the non-hereditary title of Duke of Lauenburg in 1890. [155] Catholics could not forget the Kulturkampf and remained distrustful. "[63][66] With Polish nationalism the ever-present menace, Bismarck preferred expulsion rather than Germanisation. His family also consisted of nobles, academics, and other individuals of note. A downturn hit the German economy for the first time since industrial development began to surge in the 1850s. Bismarck insisted on a "soft peace" with no annexations and no victory parades, so as to be able to quickly restore friendly relations with Austria. Unlike the accident and sickness insurance programs, this program covered all categories of workers (industrial, agrarian, artisans and servants) from the start. They conclude that factors in addition to the strength of Bismarck's Realpolitik led a collection of early modern polities to reorganize political, economic, military, and diplomatic relationships in the 19th century. Politicians. The navy was small under Bismarck.[69]. He had achieved the impossible, and his genius and the cult of genius had no limits. Historians emphasize that he wanted no more territorial gains after 1871, and vigorously worked to form cross-linking alliances that prevented any war in Europe from starting. 1849) and Wilhelm (b. The world saw Bismarck as a typical backwoods Prussian Junker, an image that he encouraged by wearing military uniforms. He was also given a cash grant by the Prussian Landtag, which he used to purchase a country estate in Varzin, now part of Poland. [43], Bismarck wrote in his Memoirs that he "had no doubt that a Franco-German war must take place before the construction of a united Germany could be realised. From 1832 to 1833, he studied law at the University of Göttingen, where he was a member of the Corps Hannovera, and then enrolled at the University of Berlin (1833–35). Born in 1815 #4. Nonetheless, Bismarck denounced Christian's decision to completely annex Schleswig to Denmark. 1852). The only memorial depicting him as a student at Göttingen University (together with a dog, possibly his Reichshund Tyras) and as a member of his Corps Hannovera was re-erected in 2006 at the Rudelsburg.[150]. Historians stress that Bismarck's peace-oriented, "saturated continental diplomacy" was increasingly unpopular because it consciously reined in any expansionist drives. He helped foster support from the conservatives by enacting several tariffs protecting German agriculture and industry from foreign competitors in 1879. First Name Otto #3. By establishing a Germany without Austria, the political and administrative unification in 1871 at least temporarily solved the problem of dualism. [37], As a result of the Peace of Prague (1866), the German Confederation was dissolved. The new, largely conservative House was on much better terms with Bismarck than previous bodies; at the Minister President's request, it retroactively approved the budgets of the past four years, which had been implemented without parliamentary consent. Aaron Perry. At this stage in his career, he opposed the unification of Germany, arguing that Prussia would lose its independence in the process. Prussian Politician, 1815-1898. Originally, it had been proposed that the Diet of the German Confederation, in which all the states of Germany were represented, should determine the fate of the duchies; but before this scheme could be effected, Bismarck induced Austria to agree to the Gastein Convention. As a result, he grew to be more accepting of the notion of a united German nation. "[52] In May 1872 Bismarck thus attempted to reach an understanding with other European governments to manipulate future papal elections; governments should agree beforehand on unsuitable candidates, and then instruct their national cardinals to vote appropriately. [137][138] According to Steinberg, his achievements in 1862–71 were "the greatest diplomatic and political achievement by any leader in the last two centuries."[139]. Bismarck believed that as long as Britain, Russia and Italy were assured of the peaceful nature of the German Empire, French belligerency could be contained. Many historians praise him as a visionary who was instrumental in uniting Germany and, once that had been accomplished, kept the peace in Europe through adroit diplomacy. While the war was in its final phase, Wilhelm I of Prussia was proclaimed German Emperor on 18 January 1871 in the Hall of Mirrors in the Château de Versailles. His father, Karl Wilhelm Ferdinand von Bismarck (Schönhausen, 13 November 1771 – 22 November 1845), was a Junker estate owner and a former Prussian military officer; his mother, Wilhelmine Luise Mencken (Potsdam, 24 February 1789 – Berlin), the well-educated daughter of a … The major battles were all fought in one month (7 August to 1 September), and both French armies were captured at Sedan and Metz, the latter after a siege of some weeks. However, he was well educated and cosmopolitan with a gift for conversation, and knew English, French, Italian, Polish and Russian. Military successes—especially those of Prussia—in three regional wars generated enthusiasm and pride that politicians could harness to promote unification. He did not completely succeed, however. Bismarck therefore negotiated the secret Reinsurance Treaty of 1887 with Russia, in order to prevent Franco-Russian encirclement of Germany. Arnim saw himself as a rival and competitor for the chancellorship, but the rivalry escalated out of hand, and Arnim took sensitive records from embassy files at Paris to back up his case. Bismarck had only minor injuries. It was Bismarck's ambition to be assimilated into the mediatized houses of Germany. The Berlin Conference of 1884–85 organized by Bismarck can be seen as the formalization of the Scramble for Africa. The establishment of the German colonial empire proceeded smoothly, starting with German New Guinea in 1884. Bismarck took steps to silence or restrain political opposition, as evidenced by laws restricting the freedom of the press, and the anti-socialist laws. Managed by: Leszek Mila: Last Updated: May 24, 2018 Bismarck resigned at Wilhelm II's insistence on 18 March 1890, at the age of seventy-five. He gradually came to believe that he and his fellow conservatives had to take the lead in creating a unified nation to keep from being eclipsed. There, Bismarck spent his childhood in a bucolic setting. The letter, however, was published only after Bismarck's death.[123][124]. The Berlin Conference (1884–85) established regulations for the acquisition of African colonies; in particular, it protected free trade in certain parts of the Congo basin. This conversation had been edited so that each nation felt that its ambassador had been slighted and ridiculed, thus inflaming popular sentiment on both sides in favor of war. The next day, after realizing his blunder, Bismarck attempted to reach a compromise with Wilhelm by agreeing to his social policy towards industrial workers and even suggested a European council to discuss working conditions, presided over by the Emperor. [151] Two warships were named in his honour, the SMS Bismarck of the German Imperial Navy, and the Bismarck from the World War II–era. What is the name of the period of German history where Otto von Bismarck and his liberal allies in the German Empire squared off against the more conservative Catholic members of the imperial government? He offered numerous concessions to the liberals: he wore the black-red-gold revolutionary colours (as seen on the flag of today's Germany), promised to promulgate a constitution, agreed that Prussia and other German states should merge into a single nation-state, and appointed a liberal, Gottfried Ludolf Camphausen, as Minister President. Also named in his honour were the Bismarck Sea and Bismarck Archipelago (both near the former German colony of New Guinea), as well as several places in the United States, among them Bismarck, North Dakota, the state's capital. Otto von Bismarck Popularity . Prussia annexed Schleswig, Holstein, Frankfurt, Hanover, Hesse-Kassel, and Nassau. (That was a mistaken assumption—after about five years the French did calm down and considered it a minor issue. [120], Still, a turn of events eventually led to his breaking with Wilhelm. "The German Bishops, who were politically powerless in Germany and theologically in opposition to the Pope in Rome, have now become powerful political leaders in Germany and enthusiastic defenders of the now infallible Faith of Rome, united, disciplined, and thirsting for martyrdom, thanks to Bismarck's uncalled for antiliberal declaration of War on the freedom they had hitherto peacefully enjoyed. ", Russell, Mark A. Russell (2000) "The Building of Hamburg's Bismarck Memorial, 1898–1906. Otto von Bismarck, prime minister of Prussia (1862-73, 1873-90) and founder and first chancellor (1871-90) of the German Empire whose time in office took Prussia from the weakest of the five European powers to, as the unified German Empire, … Vagts, Alfred. franco-prussian war 1870 - 1871, politics, treaty of versailles, 26.2.1871, signing by otto von bismarck - otto von bismarck stock illustrations Otto von Bismark, wearing Prussian military uniform. Because of both the imperial and the Prussian offices that he held, Bismarck had near complete control over domestic and foreign policy. The Irusgao. Bismarck's strategy in the 1880s was to win the workers over for the conservative regime by implementing social benefits. The editorial indicated that highly influential Germans were alarmed by France's rapid recovery from defeat in 1875 and its announcement of an increase in the size of its army, as well as talks of launching a preventive war against France. He died just after midnight on 30 July 1898, at the age of eighty-three in Friedrichsruh,[135] where he is entombed in the Bismarck Mausoleum. Bismarck, who by now held the rank of major in the Landwehr, wore this uniform during the campaign and was at last promoted to the rank of major-general in the Landwehr cavalry after the war. )[84] Germany's foreign policy fell into a trap with no exit. Support for the Social Democrats increased with each election. First, he feared that Austria, hungry for revenge, would ally with the French. Bismarck's campaign was not unique in itself, but his violent temper, intolerance of opposition, and paranoia that secret forces had conspired to undermine his life's work, made it more relentless. The historian Jonathan Steinberg portrays a demonic genius who was deeply vengeful, even toward his closest friends and family members: [Bismarck's friend, German diplomat Kurd von Schlözer] began to see Bismarck as a kind of malign genius who, behind the various postures, concealed an ice-cold contempt for his fellow human beings and a methodical determination to control and ruin them. He also negotiated the Triple Alliance in 1882 with Austria-Hungary and Italy, and Italy and Austria-Hungary soon reached the "Mediterranean Agreement" with Britain. Bismarck, feeling pressured and unappreciated by the Emperor and undermined by ambitious advisers, refused to sign a proclamation regarding the protection of workers along with Wilhelm, as was required by the German constitution. Of course, there were no monuments celebrating Bismarck's devotion to the cause of European peace after 1871. [67], Worried by the growth of the socialist movement, the Social Democratic Party in particular, Bismarck instituted the Anti-Socialist Laws in 1878. The King's ministers could not convince legislators to pass the budget, and the King was unwilling to make concessions. Napoleon III was taken prisoner at Sedan and kept in Germany for a time in case Bismarck had need of him to head the French regime; he later died in exile in England in 1873. Bismarck became a hero to German nationalists; they built many monuments honoring the founder of the new Reich. The only known recording of Bismarck's voice. The gleaming white 1906 Bismarck Monument in the city of Hamburg, stands in the centre of the St. Pauli district, and is the largest, and probably best-known, memorial to Bismarck worldwide. The result was the Kulturkampf, which, with its largely Prussian measures, complemented by similar actions in several other German states, sought to curb the clerical danger by legislation restricting the Catholic church's political power. He also continued to serve as his own foreign minister. No one again openly challenged Bismarck in foreign policy matters until his resignation. Over the next twelve years, Bismarck, Moltke and Roon transformed Prussia.[25]. Otto Eduard Leopold Von Bismarck-Schönhausen was a prime minister of Prussia and the first chancellor of the German Empire under Kaiser Wilhelm I.. He no longer had the support of the powerful conservative interest groups who had helped him achieve power. To provoke France into declaring war with Prussia, Bismarck published the Ems Dispatch, a carefully edited version of a conversation between King Wilhelm and the French ambassador to Prussia, Count Benedetti. His sudden death grieved the Terrot Family, Bismarck’s funeral will be held in Berlin with the participation of close family members. In 1851, Frederick William IV appointed Bismarck as Prussia's envoy to the Diet of the German Confederation in Frankfurt. Her five husbands included Harrison Williams, said to be the richest man in America, and the Graf von Bismarck-Schönhausen, grandson of German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck. Although he never personally commanded troops in the field, he usually wore a general's uniform in public for the rest of his life, as seen in numerous paintings and photographs. Descendant of the powerful von Bismarck German family who was also a part of the country's Christian Democratic Union political party. He added, "That is our strong point."[45]. [88], The bullying, however, almost got out of hand in mid-1875, when an editorial entitled "Krieg-in-Sicht" ("War in Sight") was published in a Berlin newspaper close to the government, the Post. Von Bismarck quietly retired to his fat family estate in Queens where he died in 1949, two years before his mother's birth. [citation needed]. Germany had no direct stakes, however its dominance of Europe was enhanced when Russian troops were based as far away from Germany as possible. Bismarck used this as an excuse to start a war with Austria by accusing them of violating the Gastein Convention. Bismarck's astute, cautious, and pragmatic foreign policies allowed Germany to peacefully retain the powerful position into which he had brought it, while maintaining amiable diplomacy with almost all European nations. The von Bismarcks go way back - all the way to the 19th century in fact, when Nikolai's great-great-grandfather Otto von Bismarck rose to prominence in Germany as a great statesman and chancellor. Bismarck used both diplomacy and the Prussian military to achieve unification, excluding Austria from a unified Germany. The Pope kept control of the selection of bishops, and Catholics for the most part supported unification and most of Bismarck's policies. Upon hearing about Windthorst's visit, Wilhelm was furious. The Regent also appointed Helmuth von Moltke as the new Chief of Staff of the Prussian Army, and Albrecht von Roon as Minister of War with the job of reorganizing the army.

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