Very little is known of their language because of the lack of texts (only a few incomplete sentences have survived). The event is recorded in Genesis 12. "Babylon in the Second Millennium BCE: New Insights on the Transitions from Old Babylonian to Kassite and Isin II Periods". Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. This region became increasingly unsafe, especially during the reign of Samsuditana, the last ruler of the Hammurabi dynasty. 224 f.). History and Archaeology of the World's Oldest CityBabel/Babylon and It does not store any personal data. 135-38. Although both the level of urbanization and of the rural population in Babylonia was lower than that in the early second millennium BCE (cf. 1400 BCE, the accession of the Kassite king Kara-inda (comparing El Amarna letter 10). J. van Dijk, Die dynastischen Heiraten zwischen Kassiten und Elamern: eine verhngnisvolle Politik, Orientalia, N.S. They are well represented among the great landowners. [15][16] Kudurrus, stone stele used to record land grants and related documents provide another source for Kassite history. Updates? W. Eilers, rev. The Kassites unified Mesopotamia into one culture centred around Babylon The HURRIANS c. 905-886 BC Also known as Hanigalbat, the Hurrians were Indo-Iranian warrior people who filled the vacuum left in central and northern Mesopotamia after the segregation and fall of their city kingdoms. 2, 1971, Ferrara, A. J. Picture Study Bible - StudyBible with Pictures and Maps. Edens 1994, p. 213), the Kassite rulers reconstructed old cities in various parts of the country. [10][11] A few inscribed building materials of Kurigalzu I were found at Kish. The detestable worship of Baals and sun/moon gods is documented even within the circumstantial Amarna Letters. In the period . These monuments, which were once thought to be boundary stones erected in fields . A. Ancillotti, La lingua dei Cassiti, Milan, 1981. 437-478, Malko, Helen. Babylonian Royal Land Grants, Memorials of Financial Interest, and Invocation of the Divine. Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient, vol. 10, 1980, pp. The date and the exact conditions of this seizure of power are unknown to us, the first decades of the Kassite dynasty being unknown to us. kassites in the bible - HAZ Rental Center 32731, Horowitz, W., Reeves, S., Stillman, L., White, M., & Zilberg, P. (2015). The Bible, however, distinguishes the Havilah that serves as one of the boundaries of Ishmaelite territory from all other places named Havilah, with the qualifying phrase "by Shur, which is close to Egypt" (Gen. 25:18). Kassites: the Main Mesopotamian Power After the First Babylonian Empire There are fewer female functionaries and professionals. The names of some Kassite deities are known. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. In most of the pertinent filiations the father has a Kassite, and the son a Babylonian, name. The Hittites had carried off the idol of the god Marduk, but the Kassite rulers regained possession, returned Marduk to Babylon, and made him the equal of the Kassite Shuqamuna. A.. "1. [54] A Kassite text found at Dur-Kurigalzu mentions glass given to artisans for palace decoration and similar glass was found there. Volume 1 Kardunia. Just Genesis : Who Were the Kushites? - Blogger Yanoam, is not known (maybe Yaknoam). Last modified August 03, 2011. Please support World History Encyclopedia. [48], It has been suggested that several Kassite leaders bore Indo-European names, and they might have had an Indo-European elite similar to the Mitanni. The Assyrians Reception of a victorious. Kassite deities - Wikipedia Elamites and Assyrians attack Babylonia. Their leaders came to power in Babylon following the collapse of the ruling dynasty of the Old Babylonian Period in 1595 BC. Babylonia under the Sealand and Kassite Dynasties, edited by Susanne Paulus and Tim Clayden, Berlin, Boston: De Gruyter, 2020, pp. However, the river is only 175 . Balkan (1968, p. 7) is of the opinion that between the king and the people there was a stratum of nobles, who mostly belonged to the royal family or the palace. 211 f.). B. However, you may visit "Cookie Settings" to provide a controlled consent. Sulaymaniyah Museum, Detail, facade of Inanna's Temple at Uruk, Kassite, 15th century BCE. The Interpreter's Commentary on the Bible p. 5. At the Crossroads of Civilizations in the Syro-Mesopotamian Realm, Proceedings of the 42th RAI [1995], Leuven, 1999, pp. 411 f.) is of the opinion that they penetrated from the central Zagros via the lower Diyala region into northern Babylonia, notably the Sippar region during the late Old Babylonian period. The ancient Near East: historical sources in translation. 492-507, Brinkman, J. The Kassites: The History and Legacy of the Ancient - Amazon Volume 2 Kardunia. ; Sassmannshausen, 2000, pp. Political Interactions between Kassite Babylonia and Assyria, Egypt and atti during the Amarna Age". The Kassites followed the Hittites and renamed the city Karanduniash. This period is marked by a building hiatus at Babylon, similar to the one after the fall of the First Babylonian dynasty. Idem, Kossaioi, in Pauly-Wissowa, RE 22, 1922, pp. 159-70. Several suspected Kassite names are recorded in Ur III economic documents from southern Babylonia, but it is not known whence these individuals originally came (Zadok, 1987, p. 16; 1993, pp. (Bible Quiz), Journal of Ancient EgyptianInterconnections, Israel Mentioned in Egyptian Inscriptions, 15 Christian Leaders That Make More Money Getting Out Of Bed Than Youll Make All Year, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Neo Babylonian Period [626 - 529 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible, Where Archaeology Meets The Bible: Middle Babylonian Period [1000 625 BCE] | Dust Off The Bible. Ancient Orient Museum, Kudurru mentioning the name of the Kassite king Kurigalzu II, from Nippur, Iraq, Ancient Orient Museum, Babylonian cuneiform tablet with a map from Nippur, Kassite period, 1550-1450 BCE, Winged centaur hunting animals. Therefore it is clear that the King List includes ancestors of the Kassite kings (cf. Just Genesis : Who Were the Horite Hebrew? - Blogger 4.1: The Bronze Age States - Humanities LibreTexts However, Elams raids caused the demise of the Kassite dynasty in 1150 BCE (see Brinkman, 1968, pp. 55, No. Puzur-Sin Ashur-dugul Ashur-apla-idi Nasir-Sin Sin-namir Ipqi-Ishtar Adad-salulu Adasi The city was built by Kurigalzu I (probably in the first quarter of the 15th century BCE). We care about our planet! 166-195, Frans van Koppen (2006). In the early 1st millennium BCE the countryside has become increasingly tribal and hostile towards the Babylonian temple cities (see Edens, 1994, pp. Richardson (2002, p. 347) is of the opinion that the fortresses were forerunners of the later Kassite feudal communities. 9 f.) thinks that the governor of Nippur was the head of the Babylonian aristocrats, but his suggestion, namely, that in the personality of the governor of Nippur was manifested to a certain degree the personality of a second king, cannot be substantiated. A. H. Podany, The Land of Hana: Kings, Chronology, and Scribal Tradition, Bethesda, Md., 2002. The Kissites used their alliances to help repel enemies and to establish a trade. Coss(a)ei, Cossiaei, etc., i.e., Kassites (along with he Kissa as the name of the Kassites country; see Weissbach, 1921, 1922; Eilers, 1957-58, p. 135; Brinkman, 1976-80, p. 471b). AbydosDynasty The Kassites - Bible History The Kassites You are here: Home Ancient Babylonia Old Babylonian Period (2000 - 1595 BC) The Kassites Just exactly who The Kassites were, and anything about their origins and history, is very obscure. : Die Kassiten, in K. Bartl, R. Bernbeck, and M. Heinz, eds., Zwischen Euphrat und Indus. 3000-323 BC., Oxford, 2003. 233-42. Who Were the Hittites? - Biblical Archaeology Society P. Huber, P. Review of Gasche et al., Fall of Babylon, Archiv fr Orientforschung 46-47, 1999-2000, pp. In the image below the reasoning behind the test is show. Top level: Mesopotamian Gods in symbolic form, second level: animals and deities playing musical instruments (detail), "Unfinished" Kudurru, Kassite period, attributed to the reign of Melishipak, 1186-1172 B.C.E., found in Susa, where it had been taken as war booty in the 12th century B.C.E. 174-190, Bass, George F., et al. (1998, p. 83) advocate a lower chronology, thereby narrowing the gap between the end of the Old Babylonian period and, ca. Around 1800 B.C., the Kassites began to settle in the Zagros Mountains which are located in modern day Iran. A. 44 f., 59). 234-37; idem, 1984, pp. They include red, black and brown Nubians, pre-dynastic lower Nilotes, and the Ainu/Annu. Zeitschrift Fr Assyriologie & Vorderasiatische Archologie, 103(2), 183195. [25] As the Babylonian empire weakened in the following years the Kassites became a part of the landscape, even at times supplying troops for Babylon. The dependents employed in these sectors received rations, the quantities of which were determined according to the recipients rank in the hierarchy. Already at that time they could purchase land and acted as officials, especially in horse breeding (Heinz, 1995, p. 167). Some prebendaries in Babylonian temple cities bore Kassite ancestors names as late as the Achaemenid period (see Zadok, 2003, p. 482, with n. 6). There were nearly thirty rulers who controlled Babylon under the reign of the Kassites, and they started with Agum II and ended with Enlil-nadin-ahi. The Canaan has been plundered into every sort of woe: The Absurd History Of Papal Edicts Concerning Jews, How Well Do You Know Your Bible? ("Year in which Samsu-iluna the king (defeated) the totality of the strength of the army / the troops of the Kassites"). The Babylonian empire founded by Hammurabi was overthrown by the Kassites (whose origins are unknown) in 1595 BCE, the conquest following a Hittite invasion that sacked Babylon but did not stay to rule over it.Over the following centuries, the Kassites successfully . Third Interim Report, 1944-5," Iraq, VIII, 1946, von Saldern, Axel. Sassmannshausen (2001, p. 137) infers that they were subjected to Kassite inspectors. The number of Kassite appellatives is restricted (slightly more than 60 vocables, mostly referring to colors, parts of the chariot, irrigation terms, plants, and titles). Where did the Hittites live in ancient Anatolia? Large Map of the Roman Empire in the Early First Century - Click around on the Places. Chen, Fei (2020). Advertisement cookies are used to provide visitors with relevant ads and marketing campaigns. 15-26. kassites in the bible A people called the Kassites conquered Babylonia in about 1600 bce. How did the American colonies actually win the war and gain their Independence from Britain? World History Encyclopedia. This is depicted in letters #287 and his sixth letter, #290. 14155, Hjlund, Flemming. Copyright 2023 Wisdom-Advices | All rights reserved. . Related Content First mentioned in Elamite texts of the late 3rd millennium bc, they penetrated into Mesopotamia in the 2nd millennium, NON-IRANIAN LANGUAGES (5) KASSITE. [37] According to the Assyrian Synchronistic Chronicle, which is not considered reliable, the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi, was taken to Susa and imprisoned there in 1155 BC, where he also died. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. His stele tells of a civil war of sorts and is backed by later Greek sources. ; Nashef, 1982, pp. ), in O. Lipschits and J. Blenkinsopp, eds., Judah and Judeans in the Neo-Babylonian Period, Winona Lake, 2003, pp. Before entering Mesopotamia they were illiterate mountain people speaking a language that is not known today. 76, no. Several members of the ruling family of Ellipi (< Middle Babylonian Ullipi, with attenuation of the initial vowel, according to A. Fuchs apud Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 151b) bore Kassite names. 2, 2006, pp. The Hittite Empire and the Battle of Kadesh - Khan Academy 112 f.). During the time of the Canaanite conquest the most profound source of extra-biblical evidence is from a cache of letters called the Amarna letters. 27181. J. Boese, Burnaburia II, Meliipak und die mittelbabylonische Chronologie, Ugarit Forschungen 14, 1982, pp. Gasche et al. This website uses cookies to improve your experience while you navigate through the website. [5] The chief gods, titular gods of the kings, were Shuqamuna and Shumaliya. Isaac was 100 years later in 2048bce, or 2048 from Adam. The cookie is set by GDPR cookie consent to record the user consent for the cookies in the category "Functional". There are very few filiations with the father bearing a Babylonian name. Early on, refurbishments were conducted of the various religious and administrative buildings, the first of these datable to Kurigalzu I. We would much rather spend this money on producing more free history content for the world. [56], Seals were used widely across the Near Eastern kingdoms during the Kassite rule. The foreign inhabitants of the fortresses, who were mercenaries (rather than foreign invaders) forming a garrison system, gradually controlled the countryside of northern Babylonia. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. Babylonia under the Kassites: Some Aspects for Consideration". The Kassites seem to be relatively new to the region, in view of the fact that they do not appear among the peoples who inhabited the central and southern Zagros according to Sargonic and Ur III sources. I; Chronicles conserning early babylonian Studies in Eastern History, II. For a time I said I was an atheist. American Journal of Archaeology, vol. Cushan-Rishathaim is mentioned in Judges 3:8 and God had used this ruler to punish his people for eight years before he releases them from his rule. Most of the Kassite kings ruled on an average of 17 to 20 years. It is thought that the Kassites originated as tribal groups in the Zagros Mountains to the north-east of Babylonia. 470 f.; Sassmannshausen, 1999, pp. The temples that the Kassite kings built or rebuilt are mainly in the Babylonian tradition, although one Kassite innovation was the use of molded bricks to form figures in relief. A 300-year Middle Eastern Dark lasted from 1157 to 883 B.C. Iran 12.1 (1974): 99-124. Information will be sectioned off into multiple posts, organized by date ranges. At the peak of their power the Kassites, under Kurigalzu I in the mid 14h century BC, conquered Elam and sacked the capital of Susa. The cities of Ashkelon and Gezer were Philistine territory that werent fully conquered by Israel. 7 f.) maintains that (1) the real owner of the country was the king, who granted land, and at least at the beginning of the Kassite period there was no land tenure outside of crown grant; (2) persons holding landed property had to perform certain duties to the king; exemption was possible only by royal decree. 415 f.). 1499-1503. This garden was cited as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World by the historian Herodotus. Kassites. Idem, Forced laborers in the Middle Babylonian period, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 32, 1980, pp. What is the meaning of AD, BC, BCE and CE? 1-44, van Koppen, Frans. 519-21. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. Its end is dated to 1150 BCE. Babylonia was next invaded by the Kassites in the period 1550-1169 b.c. World History Foundation is a non-profit organization registered in Canada. Museum, B. Corrections? Wikimedia Archaeologists divide it into three periods, Early Kassite (pre c. 1415 BC), Middle Kassite (c 1415 BC - 1225 BC), and Late Kassite (c. 1225 BC - 1155 BC). When the Kassites took over, they managed to forge political stability within the region, and they began to transform the southern Mesopotamian region into a unified territorial state. It has also been suggested that the first element in Kudur-Enlil's name is derived from Elamite but that is disputed.[49][50]. 17 ff. Through their efforts, Babylon had become a recognized world power. After the Hittites' surgeon Babylon, the Kassites, coming from the North, North-East, settled in Babylon and founded their dynasty by Agum. Mitanni; Kassites; Hittites; Egypt - GOD's WAR PLAN Many endure rather than enjoy reading these two chapters. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. 113-118. Recall that in the first five books of the Bible idolatry was a major issue. "uqamuna und u/imalija." On the whole, it cannot be proven that the Kassites living in Babylonia had an essentially different social organization from that of the Babylonians (Sassmannshausen, 2001, p. 150). The fall of the First Sealand dynasty in 1460 BC created a power vacuum which the Kassites filled. [52] Many small pottery kilns, generally no bigger than 2 meters in diameter with domed tops, were found in the Babylonian city of Dilbat. Aarhus Univ. This temple was probably one of the most important institutions of Kassite Babylonia. An Elamite, Kutir-Nahhunte, captures the last Kassite king, Enlil-nadin-ahi (1157 - 1155 B.C.
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