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[90], Syllable weight plays an important role in AA, especially in Chadic; it can affect the form of affixes attached to a word. PSom-III. into stem), to take (bit of food or drink) into the mouth, (* is required by derived noun, root #641 following), (Eg., Sem. [107] Another widespread constraint is against two non-identical lateral obstruents, which can be found in Egyptian, Chadic, Semitic, and probably Cushitic. 'to come so close as to brush against'), (Eg., Sem. Pre-Proto-Semitic Roots (Additional to those presented in Ehret 1989) Appendix 2. Proto-Afroasiatic, sometimes also referred to as Proto-Afrasian, is the reconstructed proto-language from which all modern Afroasiatic languages are descended. Afroasiatic | Ethnic group of Africa - Native Breed.org >>14700332 [9] ( Proto-Afro-Asiatic is of great antiquity; experts tend to place it in the Mesolithic Period at about 15,000-10,000 bce. [187] Modern Chadic numeral systems are sometimes decimal, having separate names for the numbers 1-10, and sometimes base-5, deriving the numbers 6-9 from the numbers 1-5 in some way. p-Tuu Jalaa proto afro asiatic wiktionary Anaang [178], The forms of the pronouns are very stable throughout the Afroasiatic (excluding Omotic),[127] and they have been used as one of the chief tools for determining whether a language belongs to the family. [69] This theory connected the "Hamites", the originators of Hamitic languages, with (supposedly cultural superior) "Caucasians", who were assumed to have migrated into Africa and intermixed with indigenous "Negroid" Africans in ancient times. [80] Most scholars place the homeland of Afroasiatic near the center of its current distribution,[8] "in the southeastern Sahara or adjacent Horn of Africa. ; PS, Eg., Ch. p-Talodi p-Potou-Akanic p-Grassfields While this is not the first attempt to demonstrate that Proto-Indo-European and Proto-Afroasiatic are genetically related, it is the first to use the radical revision of the Proto-Indo-European consonantal system proposed by Thomas V. Gamkrelidze, Paul J. Hopper, Black God: The Afroasiatic Roots of the Jewish, Christian, and Muslim Anatolian origin for Indo-European and sumerian languages Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone, Consonants, and Vocabulary. Proto-Afroasiatic is a language and NOT an ethnicity: Proto-Afroasiatic language - Wikipedia There is no proof where the Afroasiatic languages originated, but the oldest Afroasiatic language writing has been found in Egypt and dated 6000 years. in *n, as also in #323), (possible V reconstructions: *a, *aa, *e, or *o), (Sem., Eg., Ch. Afroasiatic - Languagesgulper.com p-Khoe The Afroasiatic languages (or Afro-Asiatic), also known as Hamito-Semitic,or Semito-Hamitic, and sometimes also as Afrasian, are a language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the geographic subregions of Western Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africa, and parts of the Sahara/Sahel. The Subclassification of Afroasiatic (Afrasian) Appendix 1. p-Benue-Congo Meredith Holt These three groups are classified as being in Africa while Afro-Asiatic is listed under the term Eurasia (Atlas, p.74). Dogon show more Linguists use the term "state" to refer to different things in different languages. This family was formally described and named "Semitic" by August Ludwig von Schlzer in 1781. Black Athena: The Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization (The This work provides the first truly comprehensive and systematic reconstruction of proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian). [89] Igor Diakonoff argues that the requirement to begin with a vowel goes back to Proto-Afroasiatic. except for Semitic, which is also spoken in the Middle-East and Malta, all branches of the innovation: meaning shift, from avoiding per se to feeling a need or reason to avoid), to wear out, be used up, cease to function, (Eg., Cush., Ch. Afroasiatic (Afro-Asiatic), also known as Afrasian or Hamito-Semitic, Semito-Hamitic, or Erythraean is a large language family of about 300 languages that are spoken predominantly in the Middle East, North Africa, the Horn of Africa and parts of the Sahel. innovation: *agaw- 'cooked grain,' stem + *w n. The most up to . In addition to the languages spoken today, Afroasiatic includes many ancient languages, such as Egyptian, which forms a distinct branch of the family; and within the Semitic family, Akkadian, Hebrew, Phoenician, other Canaanite languages, Amorite, Ugaritic and Aramaic. The results, while confirming some previous views on proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian), revise or overturn many others, and add much that is new. [47] Other scholars have questioned whether it is Afroasiatic at all, due its lack of several typical aspects of Afroasiatic morphology. . redup. suff. [82] Likewise, all Semitic languages are fairly similar to each other, whereas the African branches of Afroasiatic are very diverse; this suggests the rapid spread of Semitic out of Africa. New York: Facts on File, Inc., 1996. [99] In all AA languages, consonants can be bilabial, alveolar, velar, and glottal, with additional places of articulation found in some branches or languages. Proto-Semitic was a contemporary of PIE. The Afroasiatic Languages and the Green Sahara, 10,000 Years Ago - Substack [135] In addition to marking plurals via a number of affixes (with the suffixes -*uu/-*w and -*n(a) widely attested), several AA languages make use of internal vowel change (apophony) and/or insertion (epenthesis). The Semitic line of Afro-Asiatic has the most language sub-sets. Social:Proto-Semitic language - HandWiki suff. Omotic, Cushitic, and Chadic are also spoken north of the Sahara so it must be assumed that the speakers of these "dialects" migrated north likewise, though perhaps separately from the Boreafrasian speakers (Dalby, p.6). Archaeology and the study of oral traditions helps linguists find connections between language families. The Egyptian prefix has a middle voice/intransitive/or passive meaning. V. V. ven. Free delivery worldwide on all books from Book Depository [30] A common characteristic of AA languages is the existence of a special set of "independent" pronouns, which are distinct from subject pronouns. p-Central Khoisan innovation: addition of * concisive to denote short, concentrated outflow, hence vomiting), (Sem., Eg. ), (root #695 + *f iter.? You guys might disagree with the results form the Shum Laka paper but don't distort their own interpretations of their findings. p-Jukunoid *y: attributive noun and attributive deverbative suffix: 2a. [167] These prefixes are clearly cognate across the branches, although their use within the verbal systems of the individual languages varies. [174] The Semitic genitive case in -i is probably related to "nisba" adjective derivation. [127] These pronouns tend to show a masculine "u" and a feminine "i". ; PC variant *damn-), (Ch., Eg., Sem. Fifteen are glossed as names of plants or loose categories of plants. [133], A widespread pattern of gender and number marking in Afroasiatic is a consonant N for masculine, T for feminine, and N for plural. Origins of the Semites | Somali Spot | Forum, News, Videos [149], A prefix in m- is the most widely attested affix in AA that is used to derive nouns. He later added Semitic and Beja to Chadic-Berber-Egyptian and tentatively proposed, Alexander Militarev (2000), on the basis of. FOR SALE! Central Sudanic (p-Central Sudanicp-Sara-Bongo-BagirmiSinyarBirrip-Mangbetu) innovation: addition of *b extend., imputing meaning 'to count'), to show, bring to (ones) notice or attention, (Ch., Berber, and Eg. The root form of the verb has only three consonants in common. [67][68], An important development in the history of Afroasiatic scholarship - and the history of African linguistics - was the creation of the "Hamitic theory" or "Hamitic hypothesis" by Lepsius, fellow Egyptologist Christian Bunsen, and linguist Christian Bleek. [136] These so-called "internal a" or "broken" plurals are securely attested in Semitic, Berber, Cushitic, and Chadic, although it is unclear if the Chadic examples are an independent development. Atlantic (Guinea) *kns-loins: 326. ), #209 + Afroasiatic pl. If so, semantics are unclear), (pl. [189] In some Berber languages, the roots for one and two are also borrowed from Arabic. [95], "Afro-Asiatic" redirects here. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian) - Google Books Afroasiatic is generally considered to be comprised of the language families Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, Omotic, and Semitic. It rigorously applies, throughout, the established canon and techniques. p-Atlantic-Congo p-Cushitic [120] Ronny Meyer and H. Ekkehard Wolff instead propose that Proto-Afroasiatic may have had no vowels as such, instead employing various syllabic consonants (*l, *m, *n, *r) and semivowels or semivowel-like consonants (*w, *y, *, *, *, *h, *, *, *, *h) to form syllables. The results, while confirming some previous views on proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian), revise or overturn many others, and add much that is new. innovation: 'grow' > 'live,' whence Eg. : *itsim-), (2nd root shape: possible old tr. the ancient Egypto-Semitic evidence. These include Indo-European, Sino-Tibetan, Altaic and Dravidian (Atlas, p.74). Published 1995 Linguistics This work provides the first truly comprehensive and systematic reconstruction of proto-Afroasiatic (proto-Afrasian). Bomhard postulates that from Proto-Afroasiatic (henceforth PAA), Chadic was the first to break off. Dictionary of Languages. Sumerian- tamil links ( included links with turkish ( said to be closed to sumerian by panturkists which also said dravidian and turkish cognated when we know dravidians were first people of asia coming from black african L3haplogroup), yeniseian ( intermediate between turkish and chinese and member of sino caucasian family that links chinese to north caucesian langages who according to . [121] Besides for Semitic, vocalic templates are well attested for Cushitic and Berber,[154] where, along with Chadic, it is less productive; it is absent in Omotic. 2.12. ; semantics: egg curves at every point? [168] Prefixes of - (glottal stop) for the first person singular and y- for the third person masculine can also be reconstructed. [94], Several Afroasiatic languages have large numbers of consonants, and it is likely that Proto-Afroasiatic did as well:[95] Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova reconstruct 32 consonant phonemes,[96] while Christopher Ehret reconstructs 42. These records make it possible to classify and reconstruct many languages. innovation: addition of *t n. Afroasiatic languages - Wikipedia p-N. Jos < v. in #918 by V > VV; occurrence of PSC *ee (or *e?) [88], Egyptian, Cushitic, Berber, Omotic, and most languages in the Semitic branch all require a syllable to begin with a consonant (with the exception of some grammatical prefixes). [4] The most widely spoken modern Afroasiatic language or dialect continuum by far is Arabic, a de facto group of distinct language varieties within the Semitic branch. Bendi innovation: narrowing of meaning to particular kind of joining, by sewing), to split in two, split one from the other, (proposed source: #502, with regular PAA * > PBA *n; Eg., Berber, Sem. [90] Some Chadic languages allow a syllable to begin with a vowel. [83], A significant minority of scholars supports an Asian origin of Afroasiatic,[78] most of whom are specialists in Semitic or Egyptian studies. suff. [117] In the different languages, central vowels are often inserted to break up consonant clusters (a form of epenthesis). [113] These rules also have a number of exceptions: Similar exceptions can be demonstrated for the other AA branches that have these restrictions to their root formation. Yendang In Cushitic and Semitic, nouns exist in the "free state" or the "construct state". Ehret's dictionary lists "Proto-South-Cushitic, original homeland of the Afroasiatic family, "The feminine endings *-ay and *-y in Semitic and Berber", "A reconstruction of the system of verb aspects in proto-Berbero-Semitic", Afro-Asiatic and Semitic genealogical trees, short annotations of the talks given there, The prehistory of a dispersal: the Proto-Afrasian (Afroasiatic) farming lexicon, Once More About Glottochronology And The Comparative Method: The Omotic-Afrasian case, Root Extension And Root Formation In Semitic And Afrasian, A comparison of Orel-Stolbova's and Ehret's Afro-Asiatic reconstructions, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Afroasiatic_languages&oldid=1142726919, Linguist H. Fleming proposed that the near-exinct, Harold Fleming (1981) divides non-Omotic Afroasiatic, or "Erythraean", into three groups, Cushitic, Semitic, and Chadic-Berber-Egyptian. Fig. p-Ogoni For example, the Hamitic component inaccurately suggests the existence of a monophyletic "Hamitic" branch alongside Semitic. If you are not satisfied with 225345861639 innovation: derivation of n. for 'hand'), (Eg., Sem. Vol.1. I.2.1. Iberomaurasians and Proto-Afroasiatic - Page 13 *kop-sole (of foot . p-Maban Traditionally, the Hausa subject pronouns have been compared to the prefix conjugation. Many of these roots have other proposed cognates that are not included on the table. They can occur together with subject pronouns but cannot fulfill an object function. Afroasiatic languages - Wikipedia This name is possibly based upon the root "-b-r" ( . [75] Consequently, scholars have offered estimates for when Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken that range between 18,000 and 8,000 BCE. shared innovation: *isin-/*usun- 'they' (originally fem./masc. [48] The oldest written attestations of Semitic languages come from Mesopotamia, Northern Syria, and Egypt and date as early as c. 3000 BCE. [179] However, there is no consensus on what the reconstructed set of Afroasiatic pronouns might have looked like. p-Central Togo [89] In Cushitic and Chadic languages, a glottal stop or glottal or fricative may be inserted to prevent a word from beginning with a vowel. Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto-Afrasian): Vowels, Tone p-Aroid [14], The term Semitic had already been coined in 1781 by August Ludwig von Schlzer, following an earlier suggestion by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz in 1710. [21] They are often considered to constitute a single language with multiple dialects. Theodor Benfy found that Egyptian and Semitic languages were similar in 1844, and he classified them under the Semito-Hamitic language family. At the same time, linguistic similarities such as vowel changes help show relationships among languages. Afro-Asiatic languages | Britannica [197], There are two etymological dictionaries of Afroasiatic, one by Christopher Ehret, and one by Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova, both from 1995. ; Sem., Eg. [84] Prominent in this camp is the linguist Alexander Militarev, who argues that Proto-Afroasiatic was spoken by early agriculturalists in the Levant and subsequently spread to Africa. In the series University of California Publications in Linguistics 126. A Sketch of Proto-Afrasian Phonology - DocsLib p-Nilotic (p-E. Niloticp-S. Nilotic) shared innovation: 'move, take' > 'take hold of'), (Cush., Ch., Eg., Sem. innovation: *-VC- v. stems > *-CV-), (Eg., Sem. p-Gbe (Fongbe) BLACK ATHENA: THE Afroasiatic Roots of Classical Civilization (The Fabrication, - $16.27. Upload your video About the author [151] Such an etymology is rejected by A. Zaborski and Gbor Takcs, the latter of whom argues for a PAA *ma- that unites all or some of the meanings in the modern languages. [156] It is unclear whether this system is a common AA trait;[157] the Chadic examples, for instance, show signs of originally deriving from affixes, which could explain the origins of the alterations in other languages as well. [152], A widely attested feature in AA languages is a consonantal structure into which various vocalic "templates" are placed. *w: deverbative complement and result suffix: 2. in *n, as also in #210), (Sem., Eg. Newman suggested a relationship between Semitic and the Hausa language, an idea that was taken up by early scholars of Afroasiatic. C. p-Daju [112] Greenberg divided Semitic consonants into four types: "back consonants" (glottal, pharyngeal, uvular, laryngeal, and velar consonants), "front consonants" (dental or alveolar consonants), liquid consonants, and labial consonants. innovation: added sense, 'to listen to'), (Ch., Sem., Berber innovation: specialized meaning 'tooth'; but note presence of that meaning isolated in single Omotic language), (innovation: Sem., Ch. [77] Roger Blench writes that the debate has "a strong ideological flavor", with associations between an Asian origin and "high civilization". [122] In some Chadic and some Omotic languages every syllable has to have a tone, whereas in most Cushitic languages this is not the case. [40] Militarev associates the speakers of Proto-Afroasiatic with the Levantine Post-Natufian Culture, arguing that the reconstructed lexicon of flora and fauna, as well as farming vocabulary indicates that Proto-AA must have been spoken in this area. p-Semitic, Khoisan innovation: derivation of v. 'to sleep' by addition of *n non-fin. It typically comprises Kartvelian, Indo-European, and Uralic languages; some languages from the disputed Altaic family; the Afroasiatic languages spoken in North Africa, the Horn of Africa, the Arabian Peninsula and the Near East; and the Dravidian languages of the Indian Subcontinent (sometimes also Elamo-Dravidian, which connects India and the Nara *iw- 'cow') (Eg., Sem. There is no general consensus over the location of the Urheimat, the original homeland from which began the migrations into the present locations of the speakers. Answer: Semitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family, which includes over 400 languages spoken across much of Africa and the Middle East. A main characteristic of Afro-Asiatic languages is the use of vowel changes in word formation. [106] The most widespread constraint is against two different labial consonants (other than w) occurring together in a root, a constraint which can be found in all branches but Omotic. [41] In the Coptic period, there is evidence for six major dialects, which presumably existed previously but are obscured by pre-Coptic writing; additionally, Middle Egyptian appears to be based on a different dialect than Old Egyptian, which in turn shows dialectal similarities to Late Egyptian. 9780520097995: Reconstructing Proto-Afroasiatic (Proto - AbeBooks (PDF) The Origins of Afroasiatic - ResearchGate In Afro-Asiatic, there are five main families. [32] It may have as many as 80 to 100 million first and second language speakers. [164] Identifying cognates is difficult because the languages in question are often separated by thousands of years of development and many languages within the family have long been in contact with each other, raising the possibility of loanwords. p-Akokoid *t: . [29] Eight other Chadic languages have around 100,000 speakers; other Chadic languages often have few speakers and may be endangered of going extinct. ; semantics: flow out bit-by-bit), *-man-/*-mun-, *-ma-/*-mu-, *-ma-/*-mu-, (root #572 + *w inchoat. to different specific animals), (possible vowel reconstructions: *a, *aa, *e, or *o), (Sem., Ch. ; semantics: from closed- to open-ended action), to be wrong, bad, ill; do or function wrongly, (Eg., Ch. p-Oti-Volta (p-E. Oti-Voltap-C. Oti-Volta) [166], The so-called "Nisba" is a suffix used to derive adjectives from nouns and, in Egyptian, also from prepositions. May 29th, 2020 - grammar lithuanian is a richly inflected language that has retained some of the plex morphology of its ancestral proto indo european nouns nouns are marked for gender number and case that are fused into one ending there are two genders masculine and feminine with a few neuter nouns there are three numbers singular dual and plural suff. as ELL). [150] Christopher Ehret has argued that this prefix is a later development that was not present in Proto-Afro-Asiatic, but rather derived from a PAA indefinite pronoun *m-. [142][143] Zygmont Frajzyngier states that a general characteristic of case marking in AA languages is that it tends to mark roles such as genitive, dative, locative, etc. [31] They are all spoken in southwest Ethiopia except for the Ganza language, spoken in Sudan. The system in Berber, Egyptian, and Semitic, however, has independent words for the numbers 6-9. [68] Greenberg also proposed that Hausa was part of a Chadic branch of Afroasiatic, and that Afroasiatic consisted of five main branches, Berber, Chadic, Cushitic, Egyptian, and Semitic. [176], Due to its presence in the oldest attested and best-known AA branches, nisba derivation is often thought of as a "quintessentially Afroasiatic feature". [109] Roots that may have contained sequences that were possible in Proto-Afroasiatic but are disallowed in the daughter languages are assumed to have undergone consonant dissimilation or assimilation.[110][111]. Shabo An Encyclopedia of Language. innovation: 'lift' > 'carry', (Eg., Sem., Cush, shared innovations: *su, *usu 'he'; *si, *isi 'she': see Chap. The "t-stem" may be reflected in some forms in Hausa; however may also derive from a language internal development and has no cognates elsewhere in Chadic. It's impossible to tell exactly how old Proto-Afroasiatic is, or where it was spoken, but there are a few ideas. [164] Christopher Ehret has proposed that Proto-Afroasiatic originally had as many as thirty-seven separate verbal extensions, many of which then became fossilized as third consonants. 2.11. shared innovation: 'raise' > 'lift, pick up'; probable further Ch., Eg., Sem. Dalby, Andrew. ), (additional Cushitic alternants *-br- and *-br-), (stem + *r n. Miao-Yao - Atozwiki.com [92], With the exception of some Chadic languages, all AA languages allow both closed and open syllables; many Chadic languages do not allow a syllable to end in a consonant. [54][73][9] The reluctance of some scholars to recognize Chadic as a member of Afroasiatic persisted as late as the 1980s. [5] It includes languages spoken predominantly in West Asia, North Africa, the Horn of Africaand parts of the Sahel. [68] In 1969, Harold Fleming proposed that a group of languages classified as Cushitic by Greenberg were in fact an independent "Omotic" language family, a proposal that has been widely accepted but remains controversial. [119] Vladimir Orel and Olga Stolbova instead proposed a six vowel system with a, e, o, i, ([y]), and u. ref. One hypothesis places it in the Levant, as the language of the Natufian hunter-gatherers who were the first to adopt a farming lifestyle more than 10,000 years ago.